Search results

in 4–6+ series, (midstripes usually reddish or purple) orbiculate to ovate, oblong, lance-oblong, or linear, unequal, hyaline margins 1–2.5 mm wide, faces

subulate enations (e.g., some Gaillardia spp.) or bristles or subulate to linear scales (e.g., some Cynareae), or fine hairs (e.g., some Anthemideae). Epaleate

mostly deltate, lance-linear, lanceolate, lanceovate, linear, or ovate, bases cordate to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire or serrate, rarely lobed

fusiform, or prismatic, often compressed, obcompressed, or flattened, often beaked or apically tapered, bodies smooth, muricate, rugose, or tuberculate

petiolate or sessile; blades usually 3-nerved from bases, deltate, lance-elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, lanceovate, lance-rhombic, linear, oblong, obovate

broader, or rotate. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually 8–40+ in 2–4+ series, usually distinct, usually lanceolate, linear, orbiculate, or ovate, subequal

lanceolate, linear, oblong, ovate, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or ternately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, usually

lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or ternately lobed (lobes mostly filiform to linear, lanceolate

sometimes lanceolate to lance-linear; anther bases obtuse, rounded, or truncate, not tailed, apical appendages usually ovate to lanceolate, sometimes

sometimes lanceolate to lance-linear; anther bases obtuse or rounded, not tailed (sometimes sagittate), apical appendages usually ovate to lanceolate, rarely 0

ochroleucous, or cyanic, actinomorphic, not 2-lipped, lobes (4–) 5; anther bases obtuse or rounded, not tailed, apical appendages usually triangular to linear, sometimes

falling, oblong to linear or filiform, flat or ± conduplicate). Ray-florets 0 or in 1 (–2+) series, usually pistillate and fertile, rarely neuter or styliferous

from or distal to bases, or pinnately nerved, mostly deltate or ovate to lanceolate or linear (and intermediate shapes, sometimes elliptic, oblong, rhombic

sometimes connate 0.05–0.1 their lengths, mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves

connate in Lagascea, broadly ovate to linear, subequal or unequal). Receptacles usually flat or convex, sometimes hemispheric or conic, usually paleate (epaleate

petiolate (basal) or sessile (usually appressed to ascending); blades usually 1-nerved, sometimes 3-nerved or 5-nerved, mostly linear to ovatelanceolate

oblanceolate, or linear (cauline, usually progressively, sometimes abruptly or little reduced distally), margins serrate, crenate, or entire, scabrous or ciliate

to spreading, decumbent, or erect, infrequently absent, with or without persistent leaf-bases, glabrous or variously pubescent or glandular; caudex stems

1–4 [–5+] series (orbiculate, ovate, or oblong to spatulate, lanceolate, or linear, subequal or unequal, outer shorter or longer than inner, herbaceous

and tips), 1-nerved (keeled), ovate, lance-oblong, lanceolate, linear-oblong, or linear, chartaceous at bases, margins sometimes hyaline, especially proximally;

sometimes tipped with red or redbrown, tubes much longer than or about equaling funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-linear (equal or 2 sinuses deeper

mostly basal and/or cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved, mostly elliptic, linear, oblanceolate, ovate, or spatulate, margins

sepals 1-veined, herbaceous; lobes green or purplish, 1–5-veined, broadly triangular to lance-oblong or linear, usually shorter than tube, margins whitish

lanceovate, oblong, or ovate, subequal or unequal (outer longer or shorter). Receptacles flat, convex, or conic, paleate (paleae persistent or falling with cypselae

keeled), usually ± lanceolate or ovate, sometimes filiform, lance-linear, lanceovate, linear, obovate, oblanceolate, or subulate, unequal (outer shorter)

blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved, deltate, lanceolate, lance-elliptic, lance-linear, elliptic-oblong, linear, ovate, or trullate, margins entire or serrate, serrulate

petiolate or sessile (bases sometimes clasping); blades subpalmately to pinnately nerved, mostly ovate or deltate to oblanceolate, lanceolate, linear, or filiform

(distal sometimes alternate) or mostly alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades usually elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, or ovate, often 1 (–2) -pinnately

elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, lanceovate, linear, ovate, rhombic, or rhombic-ovate, margins entire (often revolute), faces hispid or strigose to

orbiculate to oblong, lance-oblong, lanceolate, or linear, unequal, or (with calyculi) 12–25+ in 2–3 series and oblong or lanceolate to linear, subequal;

absent in S. biltmoreana), paired, originating from petioles; blade linear, oblong, ovate, or, sometimes, reduced to scales in herbaceous species, base sometimes

(usually 3-nerved or 5-nerved from at or near bases) elliptic, lanceolate, lance-linear, linear, oblanceolate, ovate, ovatelanceolate, or spatulate, bases

obconic or hemispheric, 3–8 (–11+) mm diam. Phyllaries 18–70+ in 4–7+ series, the outer ovate to lanceolate or subulate, inner ± lanceolate to oblong, all

Leaves basal and/or cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades (1-nerved or 3-nerved) elliptic, linear, linear-elliptic, linear-oblanceolate, oblanceolate

petiolate or sessile; blades palmately nerved, mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, hastate, ovate, or reniform, sometimes lanceolate or lance-linear, margins

sagittate or cordate to truncate and margins entire or crenate (B. subg. Artorhiza), or blades mostly elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate to lanceovate or oblong

petiolate (at least basal) or sessile; blades mostly lance-linear, oblanceolate, ovate, or spatulate, margins entire, lobed, or toothed, faces thinly lanate

leaves: blades mostly lanceolate, lance-elliptic, lanceovate, linear-oblong, oblong, or ovate, often 1–2-pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, sometimes cordate

basal larger than cauline) ± deltate, elliptic-ovate, lanceolate, lance-elliptic, lance-linear, or oblong-ovate, bases truncate to cuneate, margins usually

and erect distally, reduced proximally, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate distally; concave; apex usually acute or acuminate margins erect, entire to serrate

deltate, lance-elliptic, lanceolate, lance-linear, linear, linear-oblong, ovate, or rhombic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed

2–4 (or 5). Pomes usually bright to deep red or yellowish, sometimes orangish or burgundy, usually ± suborbicular, sometimes ellipsoid or oblong, (7–)

yellow or white. Cypselae linear, linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate or oblong to oblanceolate, flattened, often obscurely rounded or angled on 1 or both surfaces

petiolate or sessile; blades mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, or spatulate, margins entire or toothed

Bulbs solitary or clustered, dividing at base, or on rhizomes, reforming annually; outer coats generally brown or gray, smooth, fibrous, or with cellular

to ovate, margins entire; petiole present; blade narrowly to broadly obovate, oblanceolate, ovate, suborbiculate, elliptic, or lanceolate to linear, (0

expanded, cylindric, lobes linear; (filaments distinct) anther bases sharply short-tailed, apical appendages linear-oblong; style tips elongate (as measured

petioles 0–10 mm; blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved from bases, lanceolate, lance-linear, lanceovate, lance-rhombic, linear, or oblong, 25–100 × 0.5–40 mm, bases acute

and alternate or mostly alternate; sessile or petiolate; blades (or lobes) deltate, elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, obovate, ovate, or rhombic (and

white, cream, or yellow (pink in S. sinensis); perianth parts distinct or sepals basally connate, connivent; lip lanceolate to ovate or pandurate, rarely

hemispheric or broader, (3–) 5–22+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, (20–) 30–60+ in (2–) 3–5+ series, distinct, ± ovate to oblong or oblong to lanceolate or lance-linear

palmati-pinnately or pinnately nerved, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate-orbiculate, or ovate [oblong, pandurate, spatulate], margins entire or crenate to denticulate

redbrown nerves) or redbrown, either with throats equal to or longer than 5, ± deltate, ± equal lobes, or with throats shorter than 5, ± lance-linear, ± unequal

dimorphic; vertical (dorsal and ventral) leaves erect, broadly oblong, oblong-ovate, or ovatelanceolate; lateral leaves erect-spreading to spreading, narrower;

usually 8, 13, or 21 in (1–) 2 series, erect, distinct (margins interlocking), lance-linear to lanceolate or oblong, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces

architecture or shape","pollen-grain pubescence or relief or texture","pollinium quantity","portion reproduction","pseudobulb size","rhizome growth form or orientation"

woody). Stems strigose or puberulent to glabrate. Leaves opposite or alternate; blades elliptic, lance-linear, lanceovate, linear, or ovate, 10–90 × 2–28 mm

Perennials or subshrubs, (10–) 30–100 [–200] cm. Leaves cauline; opposite; ± petiolate; blades deltate or rounded-deltate to ovate [lanceolate to linear] (bases

cauline deeply parted or compound, similar to basal or with shorter petioles and/or blades with narrower segments (rarely poorly developed in R. fascicularis)

round or angular ribs separated by usually broad sulci, or ribs not well defined or not evident, obovoid, ellipsoid, or nearly globose, smooth or tuberculate

Mentioned on page 186. Annuals or perennials. Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline, opposite; blades simple or ± pinnately or pedately lobed (with 3–9+

blades (1-nerved, 3-nerved, or 5-nerved from bases) acerose, elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, linear, oblong, or ovate, bases rounded to cuneate, margins

lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate, bases auriculate or tapering, margins entire or toothed, faces ± canescent or glandular-puberulent to stipitate-glandular

basal and/or cauline; sessile or petiolate; blades 1-nerved, spatulate, obovate (mainly basal), oblanceolate, lance-oblong, lanceolate, or linear, distal

and cauline or mostly cauline (at flowering); sessile or petiolate; blades orbiculate, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate to oblanceolate, linear, or filiform,

"inflorescence position or structure subtype","leaf architecture or arrangement or growth form","lip architecture or shape","margin architecture or relief","margin

basal or 1 suprabasal, lance-oblong, less than 1cm, hairy. Flowers maroon, fetid, large; sepals ovate, 5-10 mm, glabrate; outer petals maroon or pink with

alternate; sessile or short-petiolate; blades (1-nerved, abaxial veins raised, ± reticulate), ovate or obovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, obovate to oblanceolate

"illustration copyright","anther arrangement or course or shape","anther dehiscence","anther dehiscence or orientation","bark odor","bract presence","bracteole

suborbiculate or ovate, often cordate, 10–65 × 12–52 mm. Inflorescences: floral bracts lance-acuminate, 5–28 mm. Flowers pink, magenta, or rarely white;

(proximal) or sessile (distal); cauline blades 1-nerved, oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate to triangular, lanceolate, or linear (bases usually clasping)

all opposite or mostly alternate) largest proximal to mid-stems; blades ± 3-nerved, lanceovate or oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 5–26 cm, faces

[pinnately or palmately] nerved, suborbiculate (proximal) to ovate or oblong (distal) [deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, orbiculate, or ovate], sinuately

broadly funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-oblong or lance-linear. Cypselae obpyramidal, 4–5-angled, faces ribbed and sparsely hairy (hairs straight); pappi

cauline or all cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades spatulate to oblanceolate or linear, margins usually entire (sometimes toothed or lobed on

glabrate or resinous-punctate). Leaves basal, cauline, or both; shortly petiolate or sessile; blades elliptic-oblong, lanceolate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate

3-nerved from bases, elliptic, lance-linear, or oblong, 9–40 × 1–15 mm, bases acute to attenuate, margins entire, apices acute or obtuse, faces pubescent to

glabrescent; outer petals spreading, white or cream, rarely pink or striped with red or pink, elliptic, oblong, or obovate, 3-8 cm, abaxially glabrate; inner petals

Leaves ovate, distalmost lanceolate to lance-linear, 20–40 × 15–25 cm, reduced distally, tomentose-ciliate, curly-hairy abaxially, glabrous or veins sparsely

blades ovate to obovate, lanceolate, or linear, bases ± cuneate, margins toothed, apices acute, abaxial faces usually ± hirtellous to strigillose or tomentose

cylindric or hemispheric, 3–10+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 4–6 in 1–2 series, erect, distinct, mostly oblong to ovate or lanceolate, equal or subequal

lobes 5, lance-linear. Cypselae (within perigynia) weakly compressed, obliquely obovoid or arcuate (glabrous); pappi 0, or coroniform (of distinct or connate

sepals spreading to reflexed; petals ovate to linear-lance-falcate, margins entire; lip descending or apex adhering to dorsal sepal and petal apices, linearlanceolate

sessile; blades 1-nerved, linear to oblong-spatulate (basal), or linear-lanceolate to linear, margins entire, revolute, faces glabrous or (distal) densely stipitate-glandular

petiolate or sessile; blades obovate or oblong to lanceolate or linear (bases sometimes clasping), usually irregularly 1-pinnately lobed or toothed, ultimate

borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Involucres ± hemispheric or broader, 15–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 25–60+ in 3–4 series, distinct, ovate or obovate to

"blade architecture or shape","bractlet atypical quantity","bractlet fusion","bractlet growth form or texture","corolla height or length or size","cusp pubescence"

"sepal fusion","side architecture or function or pubescence","side architecture or pubescence or relief","side architecture or shape","side pubescence","side

hemispheric or broader, [6–] 10–18 [–22+] mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 28–45+ in 3–4 series, distinct, oblanceolate or ovate to lance-deltate or lanceolate

paniculate; bracts of main axis remote [imbricate or not], minute [to 7 cm], scalelike [ovate to lance-oblong or lanceolate]; cincinni stalked, 1–3-flowered;

architecture or shape","cauline leaf arrangement","cauline leaf arrangement or course or shape","cauline leaf orientation","cauline leaf prominence or shape"

on both sides, ovate to oblong or lanceolate to oblong, deltoid-oblong, or linear, 9–100 × 1–50 mm, base mostly rounded to tapering or more rarely broadly

Shrubs, 2-3 (-5) dm, from stout-linear or fusiform taproots. Bark thin, glabrate. Shoots arching to semidecumbent, simple or sparingly branched, glabrate;

North America Association Leaf lobes (3–) 7–25 (–75+), ovate to oblong or lanceolate to lance-linear, 4–12 (–25+) × (1–) 2–6 (–12+) mm. Involucres 5–7+ ×

[–6] mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 3–5 in 1 series (distinct, oblong or lanceolate to linear, herbaceous, conduplicate, streaked with 8–12+ translucent nerves

"rhizome height or length or size","rhizome shape","rhizome size or width","rootstock height or length or size","rootstock shape","rootstock size or width","scape

blades oblong, ovate, or lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, margins entire or sinuate-dentate to pinnately lobed (faces hirsute to hispid or setose

cylindric [campanulate or hemispheric], 4–5+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 24–30+ in 3–5+ series, 3–5-nerved, ovate to lance-linear, unequal (herbaceous

basal; opposite, or opposite (proximal) and alternate; petioles 0–1 cm; blades lanceovate to oblong-lanceolate, or rhombic-ovate to lance-linear, 5–27 × 2–6

deltate or ovate to lanceolate, 1–3-pinnately lobed (lobes oblong to lance-linear), ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces ± scabrellous and/or hispid

length 10–16% blade, glabrous or rufous-tomentose, eglandular; blade elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, lance-elliptic, or ovate, 2.5–7 cm, somewhat coriaceous

borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Involucres hemispheric or broader, 12–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 20–30+ in 2–3 series, distinct, ovate or obovate to

borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Involucres hemispheric or broader, 12–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 20–30+ in 2–3+ series, distinct, ovate or obovate to

"pollen-grain architecture or shape","pollen-grain pubescence or relief or texture","portion reproduction","pseudobulb size","rhizome growth form or orientation","root

blade green on both sides, oblong to lance-oblong or linear, 9–100 × 1–50 mm, base mostly rounded to tapering into petiole or more rarely broadly cuneate

sessile or ± petiolate; blades elliptic or elliptic-obovate to obovate, obovate-elliptic, ovate, or sublyrate, bases cuneate, margins entire or denticulate

blades lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed (faces ± hispid). Heads borne singly or in loose, corymbiform

entire or undulate, dentate, or lobed, faces densely lanate to woolly; distal cauline leaves mostly lanceolate to linear, gradually reduced or none. Heads

sepals 2, gray, narrowly oblong to lance-linear, 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, glabrous; petals 2, yellow-white, narrowly oblanceolate or oblong, 1.5–2 mm, apex acute

(stramineous with redbrown striae) lance-linear to lanceolate, membranous to scarious [adnate to cypselae]. Ray-florets 0, or [1–] 5–8, pistillate, fertile

simple (sometimes lobed), palmate, or pinnate, simple blades or leaflets elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, or oblong, 6–18 cm, leathery, leaflets 3–7,

biennials, or perennials, 10–80+ cm. Stems erect or spreading, branched from bases or throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; all or mostly opposite or all or mostly

mostly obovate to oblong-obovate, usually pinnately lobed or dentate, distal ovate to linear (bases often clasping), ultimate margins dentate or entire (veins

mm. Phyllaries in 3–4 series, oblong-oblanceolate or spatulate (outer) or oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear (inner), ± unequal to subequal

sheaths at culm base or apex sometimes hairy, sheaths at or toward midculm usually glabrous; principal blades linear or lance-linear, flat, 5–20 cm, hispid-ciliate

interlocking) [connate at bases], mostly oblong or lanceolate to linear, subequal, margins usually ± scarious (tips greenish or reddish, not blackened). Receptacles

5–8 [–17] in 1–2 series, erect, distinct, ovate, obovate, or oblong, subequal, margins scarious (tips greenish or gray to whitish, not black). Receptacles

petals green at base, linear to lance-oblong, 3–4.5 × 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; lip with distinct green central portion, ovate to oblong, 3–5 × 2–3 mm, narrowed

oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate, margins usually dentate to pinnately lobed (faces hirsute to hispid, hair tips 2–4-hooked). Heads borne singly or in loose,

lanceolate, oblong, or narrowly lance-oblong or hastate-ovate, 25–120 × 3–40 (–75) mm, entire or toothed, proximal ones broadly cuneate or sometimes hastate

lanceolate, glabrous). Cypselae black, ± linear, to 5 mm, hairy; pappi 0, or of 1–4 brown or white, linear to ovate or lanceolate, aristate scales (sometimes

outer 5 (–6), lance-elliptic, 2–4 mm, inner 5 (–6) ovate to ± orbiculate, 2.5–4 mm. Pistillate florets 5 (–6); corolla laminae reniform or orbiculate to

midveins, lance-oblong, elliptic, or ± oblanceolate, ± equal, becoming papery and investing fruit, margins entire, apex obtuse; stamens included; anthers

(proximal) or alternate (mostly); mostly petiolate; blades (3-nerved or 5-nerved) simple (proximal and distal) or (midcauline) 3-lobed or 5-lobed or foliolate;

curved, pyriform, 1.5–3 mm, often sulcate or plicate when dry and empty; exothecial cells oblong-hexagonal to linear, walls incrassate especially so on inner

campanulate, 7–10 × 5–6+ mm. Phyllaries 13–25+ in 2–3 series, lance-oblong or lanceolate to lance-linear, subequal, hyaline margins 0.05–0.3 mm wide, faces glabrous

alternate or opposite or both, blades mostly lance-linear to linear, seldom lobed, faces bearing dark or translucent dots; outer phyllaries lance-ovate to lance-linear;

deciduous by flowering, coriaceous, rigid; sessile; blades oblong to oblong-ovate or ovate to nearly orbiculate, 10–45 × 4–30 mm, gradually reduced distally

acuminate; distal sessile, blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, or lance-oblong to linear-lanceolate (arrays), 8–90 × 1–25 mm, progressively

hemispheric or globose, 6–11 × 8–20+ mm. Phyllaries in 5–6 series, reflexed to spreading or appressed, filiform or linear to lance-linear or lance-subulate

reflexed or sometimes spreading; petals ovate to lance-falcate, margins entire; lip descending or reflexed, oblong or linear to linear-oblong or linearlanceolate

margins), lance-linear to lance-oblong, ± subequal, margins eciliate, apices acuminate, abaxial faces glabrate and eglandular to moderately woolly or glandular

architecture","bulb architecture or arrangement or growth form","cell relief","crest process architecture or pubescence or relief","crest process quantity"

architecture or function or pubescence","margin shape","panicle shape","petiole architecture","plate dehiscence or orientation","sepal height or length or size"

blade green to bluish green, suborbiculate, ovate, or obovate, rarely elliptic-rhombic to elliptic or lance-elliptic, 3–5 cm (less than 2.5 in var. meiophylla)

ascending above flower; petals linear to lance-oblong, 4.9–13 mm, apex acute to obtuse; lip commonly yellow centrally, ovate to oblong, 4.9–12 × 3.3–7 mm, margins

elliptic, slightly oblique, linear to lance-oblong, 5 × 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; lip commonly yellow centrally, ovate to oblong, 5 × 2.5 mm, apex dilated

lateral sepals appressed; petals linear to lance-oblong, 5 × 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; lip yellow centrally, ovate to oblong, 5 × 2.5 mm, apex dilated, yellow

sepals slightly spreading; petals linear to lance-oblong, 5 × 1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; lip 5 × 2.5 mm, ovate to oblong, apex dilated with broad crisped

sepals reflexed or sometimes spreading; petals ovate to lance-falcate, margins entire; lip descending or reflexed, linear to linear-oblong or linearlanceolate

(8–) 20–60 cm. Culms erect or spreading, slender, stiff. Leaves: sheaths hirsute; principal blades linear to lance-linear, 5–12 cm, hirsute-hispid-ciliate

sepals reflexed; petals linear to linear-cuneate, margins apically fringed; lip porrect to descending, oblong to broadly ovate-spatulate, without basal

5 × 3–6 mm. Phyllaries 9–13+ in 2–3 series, (red-tinged) oblong to lanceolate or lance-linear, hyaline margins 0.1–0.2 mm wide, faces glabrous. Receptacles

entire or emarginate; lateral sepals reflexed; petals linear to obovate, apically fringed to merely lacerate-dentate; lip porrect, ovate to ovate-orbiculate

Phyllaries 31–49 in 5–6+ series (midstripes green or reddish), broadly ovate (outermost) to lance-oblong or lance-linear, unequal, hyaline margins 0.6–1 mm wide

attenuate to cuneate; distal sessile, blades ovate, lanceovate, lance-elliptic, or oblanceolate to lance-linear or linear, 10–150 × 1–30 mm, progressively reduced

sometimes slightly clasping) or sessile (distalmost, rameal), blades ovate to lanceolate (rameal lance-linear to linear, sharply smaller), 8–80 × 1–40

Calyculi of (3–) 5–8 (–10) spreading to reflexed, oblong to lance-linear, often ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts (3–) 8–12 (–25+) mm, margins usually ciliate

architecture or pubescence or relief","seta shape","spore architecture or pubescence or relief","stem architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation"

reflexed; petals ovate to lance-falcate, margins entire; lip descending or apex adhering to dorsal sepal and petal apices, lanceolate to nearly linear, without

scabrellous, adaxial glabrous or ± puberulent; distal sessile, blades ovate or elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 10–85 × 2–17 mm, progressively

Involucres turbinate to hemispheric or broader, (4–) 6–8 (–10+) × 8–12+ mm. Phyllaries 8–12, ovate or obovate to lance-oblong, (4–) 6–8 (–10+) mm (tips often orange

pinnately lobed (lobes 3–5+ pairs, triangular to oblong or linear), not fleshy, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced (usually

surfaces or ± glabrous abaxially except on midrib and margins; leaves of mid and distal stem largest, blade ovate-lanceolata to linear-lanceolate or narrowly

parted into 2–3+ lance-linear to ± linear lobes). Peduncles 15–45+ mm. Calyculi of 8–10 linear bractlets 3–5 (–7) mm. Phyllaries 8, oblong-ovate, 5–6+ mm. Ray

blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, (3.5–) 5–22 × 0.8–4.8 cm, base tapered to rounded, rarely abruptly truncate or cuneate, often

phyllaries 5, connate 0–1/6 their lengths, lance-elliptic, 3–6 mm. Ray-florets 5–8; corollas yellow, laminae oblong-ovate, 0.6–1.1+ × 0.5–10.8+ mm. Disc-florets

Peduncles 0 or (ascending) 1–6 (–10) mm. Involucres cylindro-turbinate, (7–) 8–9 × 3.5–4 mm. Phyllaries in 3–4 series, ovate-oblong, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate

oblanceolate to linear, 8–35 (–70+) × 1–3 (–5) mm. Peduncles 2–5 (–8) cm. Calyculi of deltate-ovate to oblong or linear bractlets 2–6+ mm. Phyllaries ± lance-oblong

Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petioles 0–1 mm, ciliate or not; blades lance-linear to linear or filiform, 20–45 (–60) × 1–2 (–3+) mm, rarely with 1–2 lateral

filiform or linear to ± lance-attenuate, lanceolate, or lance-oblong, apices usually recurved or straight, sometimes (the outer) looped to hooked or patent

sepal entire or rarely apically dentate; lateral sepals spreading; petals elliptic to linear-oblong, margins entire; lip descending, ovate-elliptic to obovate

(proximal); blades oblong or ovate to oblong-lanceolate (pinnately or subpalmately parted, primary lobes 3–6+, lanceolate to lance-linear, 3–8+ cm), 10–20+

attenuate to cuneate; mid short-winged-petiolate or sessile, blades lance-oblong, lance-elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 22–105 × 3–14 mm, gradually reduced

on lip; lateral sepals spreading; petals ovate-falcate, margins entire; lip descending, linear to lance-linear, without basal thickening, 4–9 × 1–2 mm,

bractlike). Heads (3–) 8–24+ in corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of 1–3+ oblong to lance-linear bractlets (less than 3 mm). Phyllaries ± 13 (± 21), 6–9 mm, tips

tomentose or glabrate. Phyllaries in 5–8 series, strongly imbricate, (green, drying green or light-brown), ovate to lance-oblong, abaxial faces with or without

spreading to reflexed; petals ovate to lance-falcate, margins entire; lip descending to somewhat reflexed or projecting, linear to lanceolate, without basal

linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 1.7–2.4 mm, innermost linear-oblong, 4–6 mm. Ray-florets 5–8; laminae 2.3–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm. Disc-florets (5–) 6.2–8.1 (–12); corollas

to somewhat spreading; petals ovate-falcate, margins entire; lip descending or reflexed, linearlanceolate to linear-lance-elliptic, 5–12 × 1–3 mm, margins

Leaves: blades linear-oblong to oblanceolate (elliptic), 5–20 (–25) × 1–4 (–7) cm, subentire to dentate or pinnatifid, lobes lance-oblong to triangular

pinnatifid, lobes well separated, lance-oblong to triangular-ovate, spinulose to few-toothed or few-lobed near base, main spines 1–7 mm, abaxial faces glabrous

wings on stem; blade lanceolate or narrowly lance­olate to narrowly ovate or elliptic, 2–20 × 0.2–5 cm, base acute or rounded, margins entire, often minutely

obovate-elliptic or ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 25–110 × 10–40 mm, bases cuneate to rounded, margins revolute, ± undulate, entire or serrate distally

sparsely sessile-glandular; blade broadly oblong to ovate, 5–8 cm, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, lobes 0, or 1 or 2 per side, sinuses shallow, lobe apex