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(Chen et al. 2006). The two grass volumes in this series treat 10 subfamilies, 25 tribes, 236 genera, and 1373 species. Of these, all the subfamilies, 22 tribes
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series; ray pappi usually present (usually none in Arida) > 25 25 Cypselae 2(–3)-nerved Townsendia 25 Cypselae smooth (at most obscurely nerved) or 4–13-ribbed
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not twisted with age > 25 25 Cauline leaf blade margins 1-3-pinnatisect, pectinate, pinnatifid, or palmately 3-7-lobed > 26 25 Cauline leaf blade margins
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22 24 Spikelets with 2-25 bisexual florets, the sterile or staminate florets, if present, distal to the bisexual florets. > 25 25 Sheaths closed for at
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Peripheral florets (disciform heads) 50–200 in 1–4 series, pistillate. Disc-florets 25–450, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow (nerves orange-resinous), tubes shorter
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wide distally. > 25 25 Plants densely cespitose, short-rhizomatous; pistillate scales acute to acuminate. Carex sect. Heleoglochin 25 Plants loosely cespitose
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Stenotaphrum, Urochloa R. Br. Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 353. Plants annual or perennial; habit various. Culms 3-800
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Paniceae Link Grass Phylogeny Working Group Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 351. Plants annual or perennial; synoecious, monoecious
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extension shoots. 64f.Crataegus ser. Triflorae 5 Flowers 18–25 mm diam.; stamens (5 or)10 or 20–25; shrubs or trees 1- to few-stemmed, main trunk dominant;
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ex Beilschm. Grass Phylogeny Working Group Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 13. Plants annual or perennial; usually synoecious, sometimes
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tissue different from that of body of cypsela) > 25 24 Cypselae sometimes sharp-edged (not winged) > 27 25 Heads in glomerules or borne singly (sessile or
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placentation usually parietal, sometimes axile on intruded, fused placentae; ovules 1–25 per ovary; style 1 per carpel, distinct or connate; stigmas 2–4, truncate
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(Bellis, Asteraceae) inferred from nrDNA ITS sequences. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 25: 157–171. Hall, H. M. 1928. The genus Haplopappus: A phylogenetic study in
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Willkommia, Zoysia Dumort. Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 14. Plants annual or perennial. Culms 1-500 cm, not woody
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caducous. Pedicels present. Flowers: perianth and androecium epigynous, 8–25 mm diam.; hypanthium ± obconic, constricted at disc except for opening, 2–6
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spacer (ITS) sequences and chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Syst. Bot. 25: 539–565. Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ambrosiinae, Asteraceae
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strigillose; pappi persistent, outer setiform scales (0.25–0.5 mm; rarely present) plus 2 series of 25–45 longer, barbellate bristles, mid apically attenuate
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yellow > 25 25 Inflorescences of 1 involucre atop peduncle; inflorescence bracts absent; Beaverhead Mountains, Lemhi County, Idaho Eriogonum soliceps 25 Inflorescences
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(Hitchc. & Chase) Gould Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 406. Plants perennial; cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous
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24 Petals absent or rudimentary > 25 24 Petals present > 31 25 Capsules cylindric, opening by 8 or 10 teeth > 26 25 Capsules ovoid to globose, opening
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acorn on axillary peduncle 25-100 mm. Quercus robur 5 Leaf base cuneate or attenuate; acorn subsessile or on axillary peduncle 15-25(-50) mm. > 6 6 Leaf blade
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petals 2, plane, ± ovate, ± 2-lobed, clawed, 2-12 mm, nectary absent; stamens 25-40; filaments with base expanded; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils;
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distinct or connate in groups; pistil 1, 1–25-carpellate; ovary superior, inferior, or half-inferior, 1–25-loculed; placentation usually parietal, infrequently
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[winged or carunculate]; endosperm absent; embryo straight [curved]; cotyledons 25–40% of total embryo length. Nearly worldwide except very cold or very dry
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27 Leaves 25–90 mm; heads in cymiform arrays, peduncles 1–15 mm (bracts 0–7, scalelike); florets 10–25 Ericameria arborescens 27 Leaves 10–25 mm; heads
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fibers; leaf blades soft, herbaceous. Schoenoplectus 25 Anthers 3 mm; achenes 2.5–3.5 mm. Schoenoplectus 25 Anthers 1–2.5 mm; achenes 1.5–2.5 mm. > 26 26 Culms
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Lower Taxa Aristida C.E. Hubb. Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 314. See subfamily description. The tribe Aristideae has
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puberula 22 Central bract lobes rounded to obtuse, sometimes truncate. > 25 25 Bracts usually distally bright red to red-orange. > 26 26 Leaf margins plane;
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tack-glands); pappus bristles distinct or inner basally connate, white to tawny > 25 25 Heads usually in cymiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays, sometimes
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Tripsacum, Zea Dumort. Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 602. Plants usually perennial. Culms 7-600 cm, annual,
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unbranched or mostly 2–7-branched, sometimes absent; stamens 3; petals 2–25 or 25–90 mm > 25 25 Tendrils usually unbranched, rarely unbranched and 2-branched, sometimes
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crowns of scales) Nipponanthemum 24 Annuals, biennials, perennials > 25 25 Annuals > 26 25 Biennials or perennials > 28 26 Leaves usually irregularly 1-pinnately
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present; blade ± cordate or reniform to narrowly elliptic in outline, 0.5–25 (–30) cm, foliaceous, rarely ± coriaceous; leaflets 3–15 (–41), terminal sometimes
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epaleate, covered with tawny to white bristles or setiform scales. Florets 25–200+; corollas white to pink, red, yellow or purple, ± bilateral, tubes long
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per node), rarely opposite Eutrochium 25 Annuals or perennials; involucres 2–5+ mm diam.; florets 10–30 > 26 25 Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs; involucres
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phyllaries). Involucres mostly hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric, (1–) 4–12 (–25+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, mostly (4–) 8–21 (–30+) in ± 2 series, usually
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crenate, or toothed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 2-50-flowered cymes to 25 cm or solitary flowers; bracts present or absent, small or large and leaflike
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Involucres mostly campanulate to hemispheric or turbinate-cylindric, (2.5–) 3–22 (–25) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent or tardily falling, 18–40 in (2–) 3–7 series
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Greenland drabas of the sections Aizopsis and Chrysodraba DC. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 465–494. Ekman, E. 1932. Contribution to the Draba flora of Greenland. IV
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11 Trees, 30–100 dm; drupes 25–80 mm > 12 11 Shrubs, 5–30 dm (–40 dm in P. fremontii, –60 dm in P. subcordata); drupes 7–25 mm > 14 12 Leaf blades broadly
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serrate, serrulate, or denticulate (rarely entire in C. cyaneus). > 25 25 Leaf blades (20–)25–100(–130) × 10–64 mm, margins serrate to serrulate, teeth (35–)40–150+;
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(sparsely stipitate-glandular in S. novae-angliae); pappi persistent, of (20–) 25–40 (–55) white to brownish, ± equal, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles
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Boechera belong to distantly related clades of Brassicaceae that diverged some 19–25 million years ago. A new tribal classification of the family (I. A. Al-Shehbaz
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ternipes, Aristida tuberculosa L. Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 315. Plants usually perennial; herbaceous, usually cespitose
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ellipsoid, rarely pyriform, urceolate, elongate, or oblong, 6–18 (–24) × 5–15 (–25) mm, glabrous, sometime setose, eglandular or stipitate, rarely setose, glandular;
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(without calyculi) 25–80+ in 4–6+ series and orbiculate to oblong, lance-oblong, lanceolate, or linear, unequal, or (with calyculi) 12–25+ in 2–3 series and
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2-fid, short, or ending in mid leaf to slightly beyond > 25 24 Stem leaf costae single, long > 26 25 Alar cell walls thin or slightly incrassate, regions mostly
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Muhlenbergia ×involuta Schreb. Paul M. Peterson Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 145. Plants annual or perennial; usually rhizomatous, often
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virginianum, Linum westii (Reichenbach) Engelmann Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 25. 1852. Nancy R. Morin Basionym: Linopsis Reichenbach Handb. Nat. Pfl.-Syst
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Seeds black, flattened, obovoid, becoming globose distally. x = 30 (5 large, 25 small). Warmer regions in the Americas from the sw United States and Fla.
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Peterson, Stephan L. Hatch, Alan S. Weakley Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 115. Plants annual or perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes
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conduplicate, each partly investing its subtended floret). Ray-florets 0 or 3–25+, neuter; corollas yellow or orange, brown-purple, maroon, or reddish, sometimes
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(Pennell) G. L. Nesom & N. S. Fraga (species 22–24), sect. Erythranthe (species 25–31), sect. Alsinimimulus G. L. Nesom & N. S. Fraga (species 32), sect. Simigemma
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rarely pubescent distally; nectaries epistaminal. Penstemon 20 Herbs. > 25 25 Fruits pyxides or nutlets; leaves basal only, rarely cauline; corolla lobes
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textile 24 Scape fistulose, 3–25 mm diam., not flattened and winged; leaves 2–10, blade flat and solid, or fistulose. > 25 24 Scape solid, exceeding 5 mm
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symmetrically, sometimes slightly asymmetrically, attached to pedicels. > 25 25 Plants acaulescent or short-caulescent; stems 30–70 mm; basal leaves densely
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peduncles 1–15(–25) mm > 25 25 Peduncles (bracteate) 1–8 mm; involucres 13–15 mm; phyllar-ies 34–40 Brickellia pringlei 25 Peduncles 2–15(–25) mm; involucres
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or attenuate to apiculate, faces glabrous or hairy abaxially. Ray-florets 6–25+; corollas usually yellow-orange proximally, yellow distally, sometimes with
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wrightii L. Charles M. Allen, David W. Hall Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 566. Plants annual or perennial; cespitose, rhizomatous
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Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 314. Plants annual or perennial; usually cespitose. Culms
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blades mostly 3–8+ cm and radiate heads with yellow corollas (laminae mostly 15–25+ mm) borne on peduncles mostly 3–15+ cm are cultivated in warm areas of the
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Lugentes (spp. 11 6 Phyllaries (adaxially villous) Tephroseris 7 Involucres (20–)25–40 mm diam. (northern beaches and shorelines) Senecio pseudoarnica 7 Involucres
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perigynia reddish brown, (3.8–)4–5.5 mm, conspicuously 5+-veined adaxially. > 25 25 Achenes 1.1–1.4 × 0.6–0.8 mm; inflorescences compact, often headlike, erect
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> 10 10 Corollas 14–25 mm; pollen sacs navicular to subexplanate, 1.2–1.4 mm, dehiscing completely. Penstemon hallii 10 Corollas 25–35 mm; pollen sacs sigmoid
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Schismus, Tribolium Zotov Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 298. See subfamily description. The Danthonieae, the only
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flat-topped, 1–15 (–25) × 1.8–12 (–20) cm, firm or flaccid; tubercles distinct, not confluent into ribs, pyramidal, conic, or cylindric, 3–25 × 2–9 mm; areoles
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center; staminal column included or exserted; ovules 3 (–6) per carpel; style 5–25-branched; stigmas sometimes black, capitate. Fruits schizocarps, erect, not
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subg. Setaria P. Beauv. James M. Rominger Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 539. Plants annual or perennial; cespitose, rarely rhizomatous
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Urvilleana Robert W. Freckmann, Michel G. Lelong Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 456. Plants annual or perennial; usually cespitose. Culms
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bladeless sheaths; ligules present; blades filiform to flat with filiform tip, to 25 cm × 2.5–4 mm. Inflorescences terminal, spikelets solitary, erect or (1–)
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between the keel and marginal veins; palea keels puberulent or glabrous. > 25 25 Lemmas usually puberulent on the lateral veins and between the veins; lower
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(in 129. C. lacrimata), adaxially sometimes short-pubescent. Flowers 10–20 (–25) mm diam.; hypanthium usually densely hairy, sometimes glabrous; sepals ±
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with stiff spines Stenocereus 20 Plants mostly branched near midstem; stems 25-75 cm diam.; flowers 8.5-14 cm; ovary spineless or with few bristlelike spines
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20 Cauline leaves alternate, proximals rarely subopposite to opposite. > 25 25 Stamens 2. > 26 26 Leaf blades: margins of proximals 3-lobed, margins of
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villosissima, Setaria viridis James M. Rominger Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 546. Plants annual or perennial. Blades seldom wider than
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sometimes with faint raised strigillose lines from margins of petioles. > 25 25 Leaf blade surfaces strigillose abaxially, subglabrous adaxially, with strigillose
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seed cones 25-50 cm; seed body 1-2 cm, wing 2-3 cm. Pinus lambertiana 7 Stomatal lines evident only on adaxial surface of leaves; seed cones 7-25 cm; seed
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usually black, occasionally gray, flattened, round, rarely obovate or ovate. x = 25, 30. e coastal plain, se, sc, w United States, n, c, w Mexico, n Central America
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urceolate, sometimes campanulate to obconic, 5–25+ mm diam. (excluding phyllary apices). Phyllaries (persistent) 25–100+ in (3–) 4–9+ series, 1-nerved or obscurely
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or indehiscent to irregularly dehiscent, or baccate and indehiscent. Seeds 25-1000+, distinct, fusiform or ovoid, winged or not. North America, Mexico,
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sessile or stalked; blades linear, oblong, or deltate, simple to 5-pinnate, 4–25 × 1–35 cm. Pinnae (reduced to segments in many species) spreading to ascending
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Phanopyrum L. Robert W. Freckmann, Michel G. Lelong Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 450. Plants annual or perennial; their habit variable.
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sometimes annual in O. stricta); capsules 6–20(–25) mm. > 24 24 West of the Mississippi River. > 25 25 Stipule margins with wide, free flanges, apical
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Stems to 25 dm. Leaves forming rosettes; blade linear, not rigid or fibrous, bases broadly expanding, margins serrulate or entire. Scape 0.5–25 dm. Inflorescences
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Andropogon virginicus Stapf Christopher S. Campbell Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 653. Inflorescences false panicles; inflorescence units
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metallic-silvery > 25 24 Capsules ± narrowly ovoid-conic or pyramidal-ovoid to ovoid or ellipsoid; bark smooth and metallic-silvery or corky to spongy > 26 25 Leaves
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entire to ± toothed; petiole present; blade oblanceolate-oblong in outline, 1–25 cm, foliaceous, leaflets 5–13 (–21), distinct, terminal not confluent with
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basal-cells reaching across leaf or rising higher medially, rectangular, 18–25 µm, 2–5: 1, walls thin, hyaline; distal laminal cells roundedquadrate to hexagonal
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fruits dehiscent in distal 1/2. Polanisia 3 Stamens 6 (except Arivela with 14-25); gynophore usually 0.5-85 mm in fruit (in Arivela viscosa fruits sessile
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membranous; extrastaminal nectary disc often present; stamens [4–] 5 [–ca. 25], usually borne on androgynophore [hypanthium]; ovary superior, [2–] 3 [–5]
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Rose and C. bolensis S. Boyd & J. Keeley, both endemic to Mexico. Species 25 (23 in the flora). In the following key, references to indumentum do not include
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stigma slightly expanded at apex. Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 4–25, pale-brown to dark-brown, ovoid to reniform, wings absent. x = 6, 7. w United
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(Brassicaceae): Evidence from trnL intron and ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 468–478. Cardamine angulata, Cardamine angustata, Cardamine bellidifolia
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Limnanthes floccosa, Limnanthes montana C. T. Mason Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 25: 473. 1952. Nancy R. Morin Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on
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Eragrostis unioloides Wolf Paul M. Peterson Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 65. Plants annual or perennial; usually synoecious, sometimes
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8+, distinct, ± herbaceous bractlets. Involucres ± globose to cylindric, 4–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries usually ± 8 in ± 2 series (usually distinct, rarely connate
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24, 28, 33), and blackberries (subg. Rubus, species 1, 4–6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 25, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37). Bailey did not include Dalibarda repens (30. R.
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exposing fruits; stamens usually 5 > 25 24 Perianth lobes 1-3 or absent; fruits largely exposed; stamens 1-3(-5) > 26 25 Plants (at least some parts) with
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> 25 25 Calyces: tubes 1.5–3 mm, lobes 0.1–0.5 mm, deltate; capsules 3–5 mm; styles 6–9(–10) mm; branches widely spreading. Agalinis divaricata 25 Calyces:
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scapiform peduncles). Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, 4–25 (–35+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, (16–) 20–60 (–80+) in [2–] 3–7+ series
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Abelmoschus, Talipariti, and Urena), not enclosing bud > 25 25 Involucellar bractlets 3, distinct > 26 25 Involucellar bractlets 4+, distinct or ± connate >
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Orcuttia, Tuctoria Reeder John R. Reeder Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 290. Plants annual; viscid, aromatic. Culms with solid
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stipitate-glandular). Ray-florets 7–36 (–100) in 1 series; laminae (2–) 4.5–24 (–25) × 0.5–2 mm. Disc corollas usually weakly ampliate, throats narrowly funnelform
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petals 3, maroon or green, usually shorter than sepals; stamens (3–) 5–15 (–25); carpels 3; style 0–0.5 mm; stigmas 3, dark red, fimbriate-plumose, sometimes
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velutina, Digitaria violascens Haller J.K. Wipff Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 358. Plants annual, perennial, or of indefinite duration
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glabrous or glandular-pubescent or puberulent. Inflorescences usually umbels, 2–25 (–125) -flowered, sometimes solitary flowers; bracts usually ternate. Pedicels
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Leaves: margins usually entire, sometimes denticulate; florets 30–60+ > 25 25 Peduncles stipitate-glandular (not stellate-pubescent); involucres 10–12+
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mm; ovaries: beak abruptly tapering to styles; largest medial blades 8-25 mm > 25 25 Capsules 5.2-9.6 mm; largest medial blades hypostomatous, highly glossy
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macrantha). Involucres hemispheric to obconic or broadly cylindric, (3–) 5–15 [–25] mm diam. Phyllaries 5–21+ in 1–2 (–3) series (subequal to unequal). Receptacles
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Involucres cylindro-campanulate to broadly campanulate, (4–14 (–16) ×) 4–25+ mm. Phyllaries 20–140 in 3–7 series, 1-nerved (usually rounded adaxially
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setifolia, Thymophylla tenuiloba, Thymophylla tephroleuca Lagasca Gen. Sp. Pl., 25. 1816. John L. Strother Etymology: Greek thymon, thyme, and phyllon, leaf
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texanus Roem. & Schult. Jesus Valdes-Reyna Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 33. Plants perennial; usually cespitose, often with short
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glandular-pubescent externally. > 25 25 Cauline leaves 0.5–1(–2) mm wide, blades linear; proximal bracts linear. Penstemon filiformis 25 Cauline leaves (1–)2–24
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(withering in early summer in subsp. marcescens); rosettes 1–3, in clumps or not, 5–25-leaved, (3–) 6–15 (–35) cm diam.; blade green or gray-blue, usually oblanceolate
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Mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere Species ca. 27 (25 in the flora). K. K. Mackenzie (1931–1935, parts 2–3, pp. 41–53) combined
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or if yellow, then (15-)20-25 mm; Colorado, Arizona to California. > 20 20 Sepals (15-)20-25 mm, petal blades 8-17 mm, spurs 25-40 mm; flowers erect; California
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inflorescence tip leafy; stem indument soft > 25 25 Mericarps 12–14, 3.5–5.5 mm. Sphaeralcea polychroma 25 Mericarps 10, usually 3 mm. Sphaeralcea procera
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psilopodium Robert W. Freckmann, Michel G. Lelong Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 456. Plants annual or perennial; perennials usually cespitose
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abaxially, sometimes also pilose. > 25 25 Corollas 14–20(–22) mm; styles 11–13 mm; capsules 6–11 mm. Penstemon ophianthus 25 Corollas 22–35 mm; styles 17–24
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branched or unbranched. Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, cauline (1–) 3–25 cm; blade margins pinnately lobed to sinuate-dentate, serrate to dentate or
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turbinate, 2–3 (–5+) mm diam. Phyllaries usually 5–12 in 1 series, equal (20–25 in 2–3 series, unequal in S. cichoriacea, usually glabrous, rarely puberulent
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foliaceous bracts, (6–) 40–100+ in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays (6–) 10–25+ cm diam. Involucres ± campanulate to obconic or hemispheric, 3–8 (–11+) mm
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usually slender, sometimes stout, 2–6 cm. Leaves: petiole short, length 10–25 (–50) % blade, pubescent, usually eglandular, sometimes sparsely sessile-glandular;
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or rounded, sometimes acute, entire or erose, often ciliolate; blades 1-24 (25) mm wide, abaxial surfaces usually smooth or scabrous, sometimes with hairs
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to genera of Polypodiaceae) Genera ca. 40, species perhaps 500 (7 genera, 25 species in the flora). None. Campyloneurum, Microgramma, Neurodium, Pecluma
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Bouteloua trifida (Desv.) A. Gray J.K. Wipff Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 261. Panicle branches 1-20, persistent, with 6-130 spikelets
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Xyris torta Gronovius in C. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 42. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 25, 1754. Robert Kral Common names: Yellow-eyed-grass Etymology: Greek xyron
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Artemisia vulgaris complex in North America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 25: 421–468. Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia alaskana, Artemisia annua, Artemisia
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pappi 0, or persistent, coroniform, or of 2–5 ovate, scarious scales, or of 20–25+ unequal bristles, or of 5 scales plus 5 bristles (all in 1 series, sometimes
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Schultes, occurs in the Altai Mountains of Siberia and Mongolia Species 26 (25 in the flora). Chambers, K. L. 1993. Claytonia. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993
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appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 40. Mentioned on page 14, 15, 16, 25, 46, 47, 50, 52. Herbs, perennial [annual], often suffrutescent, glabrous
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2-years old dark-brown to black, ± stout, 3–7 (–9) cm. Leaves: petiole length (25–) 30–50% blade, pubescent to tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, usually eglandular;
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Species ca. 25 (6 in the flora). Phytolacca dioica Linnaeus, the ombú, a fast-growing, wide-spreading, evergreen, unisexual South American tree to 25 m, is sparingly
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appressed-reflexed, spreading, or erect, lanceolate or ovatelanceolate, 10–25 × 2–5 mm, margins (outer) often deeply pinnatifid, abaxial surfaces glabrous
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least 1/2 as long as body. Perigynia ascending to spreading or reflexed, 0–25-veined, at least slightly inflated, sometimes stipitate, narrowly elliptic
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inflorescences with 1–9 heads. > 25 24 Stems erect, not floating; filiform leaves absent; inflorescences with 3–200 heads. > 26 25 Capsule rounded at apex, 2
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Involucres hemispheric or broader, 6–14 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 14–25 in ± 2–3 series (mostly lance-linear, herbaceous). Receptacles conic; paleate
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corymbiform arrays. Involucres turbinate, campanulate, or hemispheric, (4–10 ×) 6–25 mm. Phyllaries 26–80+ in 2–8 series, appressed, spreading, or reflexed, 1-nerved
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Inflorescences umbellate or compound-umbellate, rarely subcapitate or capitate, 3–25 × 2–18 cm; branches tomentose to floccose or glabrous, rarely with whorl of
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longitudinal green stripe on adaxial surface. > 25 25 Adaxial petal surface with purple crescent or blotch. > 26 25 Adaxial petal surface without purple crescent
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2–6 imm, acute, not flagged (apices acute), faces gray-pubescent. Heads 3–25 in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 6–8 mm; pistillate
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worldwide, primarily in cooler temperate and arctic regions Species ca. 150 (25 in the flora). The taxonomy of Anemone continues to be problematic. Anemone
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Perennials or subshrubs (dioecious, gynoecious, or polygamodioecious), (0.2–) 4–25 (–70) cm (sometimes cespitose, sometimes stoloniferous, sometimes rhizomatous)
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roemeriana Aristida purpurea var. laxiflora Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 330. Plants perennial; densely cespitose, without rhizomes
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Bouteloua uniflora, Bouteloua warnockii J.K. Wipff Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 253. Panicle branches (1) 4-80, with 1-15 spikelets, terminating
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slender); stems glabrous; disc florets 40–50+ Packera porteri 7 Plants 6–25+ cm (rhizomes 1–6 cm, branched, stout); stems glabrous but for bases and leaf
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erect to recurved valves; carpophore absent or sometimes present. Seeds 1–25, reddish-brown to brown or black (or rarely yellowish or purplish brown),
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North America Association Plants cespitose, 10–45 cm. Roots coarse. Stems 10–25 cm; sheaths 2–3, loose, inflated. Leaves: petiole 1–4 cm; blade narrowly elliptic
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Zuloaga Robert W. Freckmann, Michel G. Lelong Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 475. Plants perennial; usually cespitose, often from scaly
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yellow-orange to orange (laminae fan-shaped, lobes 3–5). Disc-florets usually 25–150 (–400+), usually bisexual and fertile (6–15, functionally staminate in
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xerocastique, perfect (reduced in B. acuminatum). Calyptra naked. Spores 9–25 µm. Nearly worldwide, high Arctic to tropics Species ca. 80 (21 in the flora)
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conduplicate, folded around and falling with cypselae). Ray-florets 0 or 8–25 (–40), neuter; corollas yellow. Disc-florets 80–100 (–200+), bisexual, fertile;
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axillary, racemes or flowers solitary; bracts present or absent. Pedicels 1–25 (–30) mm; bracteoles absent. Flowers bisexual, cleistogamous or chasmogamous;
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terminal spike). > 25 24 Lateral spikes of similar length. > 27 25 Pistillate dark brown to black, scales exceeding perigynia. Carex idahoa 25 Pistillate scales
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appendages usually petaloid, occasionally rudimentary. Staminate flowers (5–) 20–25 (–70). Pistillate flowers: ovary glabrous or hairy; styles connate basally
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454, 461, 468, 469. Shrubs, subshrubs, or trees, 0–150 [–180] dm. Stems 1–25, erect, ascending, spreading to prostrate; bark usually dark gray, smooth;
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Gillenieae genusAmelanchier speciesAmelanchier utahensis Koehne Gatt. Pomac., 25, plate 2, fig. 20e. 1890. Christopher S. Campbell, Michael B. Burgess, Kevin
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Corolla tubes yellow to light or greenish yellow. > 25 25 Corollas 14–19 mm. Pedicularis furbishiae 25 Corollas 22–30 mm. Pedicularis procera 24 Corolla
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fascicles. Heads disciform. Receptacles epaleate, glabrous. Florets: peripheral 1–25 pistillate and fertile; central 3–32 functionally staminate (not setting fruits);
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lobes almost as wide as mid-blade, apex acute to rounded. Inflorescences 3–25 (–30) × 1.5–5 cm; bracts proximally green or deep purple, distally red, crimson
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distally) > 25 18 Ray florets 0 or 2–8, laminae 1–2(–10) mm (inconspicuous, often tinged reddish) Helianthus radula 18 Ray florets 8–13(–25), laminae (7–)10–40
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arachnoid, lanuginose, or pannose (rarely glabrescent), not farinose. Stems 1–25+, prostrate to erect; branches mainly proximal. Leaves: largest blades deltate
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or small and of staminodial origin, distinct or basally connate; stamens 2–25, hypogynous, in 1–2 series, sometimes fascicled, distinct or basally connate;
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Mexico Eriogonum capillare 25 Perianths densely short-villous or puberulent, white to pink or red, rarely pale yellow or yellow > 26 25 Perianths pilose or hirsute
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but also ecologically. With their abundant clear cells they can retain up to 25 times their dry weight in water, and a uniquely strong acidifying power permits
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convex, paleate (paleae conduplicate, at least bases, papery). Ray-florets 5–25+, pistillate, fertile; corollas mostly yellow (cream to white in W. helianthoides)
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Oeceoclades 24 Plants epiphytic; spurs absent. > 25 25 Inflorescences spikes; flowers sessile. Bulbophyllum 25 Inflorescences racemes or panicles; flowers pedicellate
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Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 3–25 cm; herbage glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy. Stems erect to ascending
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0–5-veined on each face, not inflated, ovoid. Carex stricta 25 Perigynia veinless. Carex scopulorum 25 Perigynia veined. > 26 26 Perigynia 1–3-veined on each
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hirsute to strigose; basal petiolate, 5–30 × 1–8 cm; cauline petiolate, 2–25 × 0.5–7 cm, bases attenuate to cordate or auriculate. Heads borne singly or
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involute, widest leaves 1+ mm wide, glabrous. Inflorescences racemose, with 3–25+ spikes, ovoid to cylindric, often very condensed; proximal bracts scalelike
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Molinia, Phragmites Dumort. Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 7. See subfamily description. There are still questions
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nonfleshy calyx; leaves not aromatic > 25 25 Corollas persistent; leaf blades 2.5-3.5 mm, base auriculate. Calluna 25 Corollas deciduous; leaf blades 3-100+
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usually 7–25 cm; tepals lanceolate to oblanceolate, apiculate to attenuate; outer tepals greenish, usually tinged with red, purple, brown, or white, 25–50 ×
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Involucres broadly to depressed-hemispheric, 3.5–8 × 4–10 mm. Phyllaries 25–50 in 3–4 series, 1-nerved (midnerves barely evident; not keeled), unequal
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David W. Hall Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Plants perennial; cespitose or shortly rhizomatous. Culms 25-110 cm, erect, spreading, or prostrate; nodes
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(Hitchc.) Freckmann & Lelong Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 422. Plants cespitose, with caudices. Basal rosettes well-differentiated
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hemispheric (sometimes cupulate). Phyllaries persistent and/or falling, 8–25+ in 2 series (outer 2–6 distinct or connate, herbaceous, contrasting with
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3.2-3.5 mm. Sedum oregonense 25 Leaf blades of flowering shoots linear or linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate > 26 25 Leaf blades of flowering shoots
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persistent. > 25 24 Culms with distal leaf sheath apex without distinct, abrupt tooth; distal leaf sheaths persistent or disintegrating. > 37 25 Culms hollow
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erect to recurved; leaves not threadlike, 0.1–5 mm wide. > 25 25 Nodal glands absent. > 26 25 Nodal glands present on at least some nodes. > 28 26 Leaves
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lanceolate or oblanceolate, petioles 0.1–2(–2.5) cm; capsules (11–)14–25(–30) mm, pedicels (9–)13–25(–85) mm; seeds 0.8–1 × 0.8–1 mm; sepals 6–19 mm. > 5 5 Emergent
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sepals slightly keeled; dorsal sepal free, broadly ovate, concave, 1.25–1.5 × 1.25–1.5 mm, apex obtuse; lateral sepals connate proximal to middle, oblong
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interrupted; peduncles and pedicels spreading to ascending or erect. > 25 25 Cauline leaf blades oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, rarely ovate, margins
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24 24 Glumes usually pubescent, rarely glabrous. > 25 25 Upper glume mucronate Bromus mucroglumis 25 Upper glume not mucronate. > 26 26 Awns (1)2-3(3.5)
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peristome and operculum not differentiated. Calyptra mitrate. Spores rather large, 25–45 µm, papillose, spinose, reticulate, or pitted. Worldwide, mainly in the
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24 Leaf blade margins serrate, dentate, crenate-serrate, or 3–9-lobed. > 25 25 Styles (1.5–)2–4 mm; pedicels (12–)15–30(–38) mm; corollas ± blue, 8–14 mm
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glabrous or rarely hairy (P. veris), hairs simple. Inflorescences umbels, 2–25+-flowered, involucrate, [racemes or spikes] or solitary flowers; bracts 1–5
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(apices entire, blunt, adaxially green and lanuginose). Pistillate florets 3–25. Functionally staminate florets 2–6 (–12); corolla (zygomorphic, ± gibbous)
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borne singly or in cymiform arrays. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 5–25 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 8–13 or 21–34 in 2 series (spreading to erect
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verticillata, Chloris virgata Sw. Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 204. Plants annual or perennial; habit various, rhizomatous
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Hesperolinon tehamense (A. Gray) Small in N. L. Britton et al. N. Amer. Fl. 25: 84. 1907. Nancy R. Morin Common names: Western flax Etymology: Greek hesperos
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vulgaris, having shorter fertile stems [5–24 cm versus (25–)35–90(–120) cm], smaller corollas (15–25 mm versus 27–33 mm), and globular (versus oblong-globular
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& H.P. Under Grass Phylogeny Working Group Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 297. Plants usually perennial, sometimes annual; when perennial
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glomerate arrays. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate or cylindro-turbinate, 7–25 × 5–20 mm. Phyllaries 20–35 in 3–6 series, 1-nerved (sometimes weakly keeled
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appendages spiny fringed, not covering phyllary bodies, tipped with spines 5–25 mm > 3 3 Heads sessile, each closely subtended and ± concealed by involucrelike
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(0–) 3–5-lobed. Calyces colored as bracts or paler near base, 15–25 mm. Corollas 25–30 mm; beak subequal with or exserted from calyx, 14–20 mm. Phenology:
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Enneapogon, Pappophorum Kunth John R. Reeder Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 285. Plants perennial; rarely annual. Culms herbaceous
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present; blade narrowly oblong to filiform, planar to cylindric, 0.5–20 (–25) cm, foliaceous, leaflets (3–) 7–161, sometimes separate, more often overlapping
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North American Stipeae: Taxonomic changes and other comments. Phytologia 74:1-25 Cheeke, P.R. and L.R. Shull. 1985. Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 10. Mentioned on page 3, 9, 25. Annuals, perennials, or shrubs, 10–400+ cm (usually rhizomatous). Stems erect
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Leaves monomorphic, widely spaced, not conspicuously narrowed at tip, to 25 cm. Petiole green to dark-brown or black, flattened to terete, often grooved
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borne singly. Involucres broadly turbinate, (5–12 ×) 10–20 mm. Phyllaries 25–40 in (2–) 3–4 series, appressed (commonly purplish), 1 (–3) -nerved (thin
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U-shaped; medial laminal cells elongate, short-elongate, or ± isodiametric, 25–110 µm, in diagonal rows or not, not or weakly collenchymatous, walls pitted;
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neighboring flowers often overlapping. > 25 25 Sepals: adaxial 2 connate; scapes groove-angled. Plantago lanceolata 25 Sepals: adaxial 2 nearly distinct; scapes
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short trunks and spreading branches, 7–25 (–35) m. Leaves: petiole broadened and flattened toward blade, 10–25 mm; blade bright green, elliptic-oblong
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above in key) > 11 10 Plants with at least some stem segments bearing spines > 25 11 Fruits and stem segments puberulent (use hand lens) or velvety; trees or
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Cosmopolitan, greatest occurrence in temperate regions Genera 25, species ca. 140 (9 genera, 25 species in the flora). Species of Ditrichaceae usually colonize
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stems not fistulose; w North America Eriogonum umbellatum 13 Leaf blades (2-)7-25 cm; flowering stems occasionally fistulose; nw Idaho n to California, Oregon
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G. A. Engler, ed. 1900--1953. Das Pflanzenreich.... 107 vols. Berlin. Vol. 25[IV, 26], pp. 1--284. Juncus, Luzula window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[];
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the stem. Molendoa 24 Perichaetia terminal on the stem > 25 25 Peristome absent. Gymnostomum 25 Peristome present > 26 26 Axillary hairs entirely of clear
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1–8, 10, 11, 13–16, 18, and 20–24, Greven those for species 10, 13, 18, 20, 25–43. Both authors together wrote the entire key. Greven, H. C. 1999. A synopsis
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corymbiform arrays. Involucres obpyramidal to hemispheric, 12–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 10–25+ in ± 2 series (outer 4 broadly lanceolate, foliaceous
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of North America Association Shrubs or trees, to 10 m. Leaves: petiole 12–25 mm; blade ovate to oblong or oblongelliptic, 50–106 × 30–50 mm, base rounded
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elliptic to lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or elliptic-oblanceolate, 25–65 (–80) × 4–15 (–25) mm, margins entire or serrate, revolute, apex acute to obtuse,
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sessile or stipitate-glandular; petals single, pink to deep rose, 15–20 (–25) × 15–20 (–25) mm; stamens 65; carpels (16–) 20–40 (–50), styles exsert 1–2 mm beyond
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to columnar (10–12-ribbed, sparsely hairy); pappi persistent, either of 12–25 subulate scales in 1 series, or of ca. 50 bristles or setiform scales in 3–4
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tubules 2-4 mm, with terminal pores. Berries pseudo 10-locular. Seeds (4-) 10-25 (-40). 2n = 24, 48, 72. North America Species 9 (9 in the flora). Section
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always glabrous. > 25 25 Dry stems not readily fragmenting; lateral branches 1–3-forked; leaf apex strongly keeled. Selaginella watsonii 25 Dry stems readily
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stipitate-glandular (north); petals single, rose-pink to pale-pink, (13–) 22–25 × (11–) 20–25 mm; stamens 75–100; carpels 18–33, styles exsert 1 mm beyond stylar
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mm, length 1–2 times width. > 25 24 Pinnae oblong-lanceolate to oblong, mainly 6–10 mm, length 3–5 times width. > 28 25 Rachises dark reddish brown throughout
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Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 7–20 × 12–40 (–48) mm. Phyllaries 25–45 in 3–6 series, 1-nerved (keeled), narrowly lanceolate, unequal, proximally
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petiolate to subpetiolate, blades broadly elliptic to obovate, 30–200 × 8–25 (–30) mm, bases attenuate, margins entire or sometimes serrate, apices acute
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Ohio to Louisiana. > 25 25 Anthers 0.5–1.5(–2.1) mm; stigma straight or distally coiled; flowers often bisexual. Thalictrum pubescens 25 Anthers (0.7–)1–3
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involucral-bracts 1–5, leaflike, proximal bract erect to spreading. Spikelets terete, 3–25 × 2–5 mm; scales deciduous, 8+, spirally arranged, each subtending flower
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tepals curving downward, 20–25 (–30) mm, outermost tepal somewhat longer and narrower than outer lateral tepals; filaments ca. 25 mm; anthers 12–16 mm; style
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sepals (20–) 25–65 (–75) mm; petals bright-yellow, fading orange, reddish orange or mostly unchanged, obovate to very broadly obovate, (17–) 25–65 (–68) mm
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opening by (2–) 3 spreading to recurved valves; carpophore absent. Seeds 3–25, tan, reddish-brown, dark-brown, black, or transparent (white embryo visible)
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Croton pottsii 24 Shrubs; columella apex with 3 rounded, inflated lobes. > 25 25 Petioles mostly 1/4–7/10+ leaf blade length, if shorter (C. fruticulosus)
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Involucres turbinate, campanulate, or hemispheric, 6–16 × 6–30 mm. Phyllaries 25–100 in 3–12 series, appressed, spreading, or reflexed, 1-nerved, lanceolate
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mm; stamens purple, 5–10 (–25) mm; anthers 2.5–4 mm; gynophore 1–3 mm in fruit; ovary 4–6 mm; style 0.1 mm. Capsules (15–) 25–40 (–65) × 2.5–4 mm, glabrous
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ovatelanceolate, 9–25 × 2–13 mm, glabrous or villous, hairs glandular and eglandular; corolla-tube pink-purple to white, funnelform, 25–60 mm, throat 20–25 mm diam
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sect. Leptopogon L. Christopher S. Campbell Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 649. Plants perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous
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26 25 Ultimate segments conspicuously resinous-sticky, covered with short, capitate glands; stem scales strongly contorted. Cheilanthes viscida 25 Ultimate
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FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 5. Mentioned on page 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21, 25, 26, 51, 52, 67. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America
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globular base 10–25 (–40) mm diam. Leaves yellow or wine red; blade triangular, lanceolate, or ovate, 3–10 mm. Spikes dark purple or red, 10–25 mm diam.; bracts
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Volume 10. Stems erect, to 40 cm, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves: petiole 5–25 mm; blade lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 1–4.5 cm. Inflorescences racemes
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yellow, ovate-elliptic, 8–14 × 4.2–5 mm, (apex acute); stamens yellow, 15–25 mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm; gynophore (reflexed), 10–20 mm in fruit; ovary 3–6 mm
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virgata, Leptochloa viscida P. Beauv. Neil Snow Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 51. Plants annual or perennial; cespitose. Culms (3) 10-250
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floral bracts ovate to ovatelanceolate, subulate, 3–8 (–30) mm. Flowers 1–15 (–25); dorsal sepal 15–31 × 5–18 mm; lateral sepals reflexed distally, 13–26 ×
8 KB (882 words) - 05:28, 30 July 2020
(Hitchc.) Freckmann & Lelong Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 442. Plants grayish-green, densely cespitose, with caudices
5 KB (885 words) - 04:04, 30 July 2020
Leaves erect, spreading to ascending, occasionally reflexed, 80–200 × 15–25 cm; blade light green to green or glaucous-gray, sometimes variegated or cross-zoned
8 KB (650 words) - 06:13, 30 July 2020
abaxially; lateral leaflets unlobed or 1×-lobed or parted; ultimate lobes 8-25 (-35) mm wide. Flowers: sepals usually 5, green, yellow, or red (rarely white
10 KB (661 words) - 08:36, 30 July 2020
as bracts, sometimes with a yellow band between green and other color, 15–25 mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 4–9 mm, 33–50% of calyx length, lateral 2.5–5
6 KB (709 words) - 18:51, 29 July 2020
Treatment on page 196. Mentioned on page 13, 25, 181, 195, 197. Plants small, scattered to gregarious. Stems 2–10 (–25) mm, erect, simple or forked. Leaves crispate
9 KB (561 words) - 06:47, 30 July 2020
than or equal to 0.5 spore radius. Worldwide except Antarctica Species 60 (25 in the flora). None. Sphagnum andersonianum, Sphagnum angermanicum, Sphagnum
19 KB (686 words) - 07:06, 30 July 2020
rostrata 5 Inflorescence axis straight or erect; buds erect or pendent. > 25 25 Buds pendent; corollas rotate or bowl-shaped; inner stamens shorter, inner
19 KB (745 words) - 21:02, 7 June 2022
23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 57, 61. Shrubs or trees, 1–25 m, usually not clonal, or clonal by stem fragmentation. Stems usually erect
14 KB (582 words) - 12:06, 30 July 2020
Dichanthelium dichotomum Mary E. Barkworth Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 432. Plants cespitose, with caudices or knotty crowns.
4 KB (825 words) - 04:02, 30 July 2020