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and trabeculate on the abaxial side, entire or split distally. Calyptra cucullate, mitrate, or mitrate-campanulate, smooth or plicate, not papillose, covering

broadest ca. 1/4–1/3 the distance from the base, more or less tapered to a cucullate to involute apex; stem-leaves more or less flat and usually broadest at

to form rudimentary membrane, cilia absent. Calyptra mitrate or rarely cucullate, usually large and conspicuous, hairy or naked, plicate or not. Spores

or rostrate, falling detached from the columella. Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, not erose, small to medium, usually covering 1/2 or less of capsule, sometimes

irregularly divided or undivided, sometimes reduced, (rarely absent). Calyptra cucullate. Worldwide, mostly tropics Genus 1, species 450 (37 in the flora). Fissidentaceae

to large, covering only the operculum to half or more of the capsule, cucullate, mitrate, or mitrate-campanulate, smooth or plicate, naked, sometimes papillose

the exostome when single. Calyptra deciduous or persistent, mitrate to cucullate, smooth, usually long-rostrate and inflated towards the base. Spores spherical

striolate or pitted-striolate proximally, papillose distally. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, sometimes fringed at base, usually covering most of capsule

apex gradually tapered or acuminate, occasionally piliferous from rounded-cucullate base; costa to (20–) 40–100% leaf length, terminal spine present or absent

segments 16, cilia 1–3, nodose, rarely rudimentary or absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth (weakly prorulose distally in Ctenidium), naked or rarely hairy

groups of 2 and 4, densely and finely papillose. Calyptra mitrate or rarely cucullate, smooth, sometimes hairy. Nearly worldwide, tropical to subpolar regions

(in perichaetial leaves) prolonged into a toothed awn, rarely the apex cucullate; lamellae numerous, closely spaced, occupying most of the distal surface

irregularly thickened; operculum usually rostrate; peristome double. Calyptra cucullate [mitrate]. Nearly worldwide, predominantly tropical to temperate regions

dimorphic, the inner usually flat, the outer flat or sometimes keeled and cucullate distally, sometimes of different length than the inner; stamens 3–8 (some

1–3 or sometimes absent, usually short, never appendiculate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric to reniform, papillose. Nearly worldwide

sometimes persistent, (3 or) 4, or 0 or rudimentary (Proserpinaca), keeled, cucullate, often distally cupulate; stamens 3–8 (1 or 2 times as many as sepals);

usually low or absent, occasionally very high and trabeculate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, occasionally mitrate, rarely papillose. Spores usually ca. 10–15

high, segments long, not or narrowly perforate, cilia nodose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Nearly worldwide, temperate to subpolar regions and tropical mountains

distally, alternating with shorter exostome teeth in Cinclidium). Calyptra cucullate, usually naked. Spores spheric, smooth or papillose, brown. Nearly worldwide

variously reduced in number or length or sometimes absent. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, small, smooth. Spores shed singly or as tetrads, rarely germinating in

tapering distally or more or less abruptly narrowed; apex acute or obtuse, cucullate or concave, with an apiculus, mucro or short subula; costa strong, percurrent

present at base of capsule (absent in G. anomala). Calyptra mitrate to cucullate. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Eurasia, Africa

(trellis imperfect) or throughout (trellis perfect). Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, smooth, naked, sometimes clasping base of seta when young. Spores small

perforate teeth; operculum,when present, obliquely long-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate or mitrate. Spores often large, spheric to ovoid or weakly reniform, finely

absent, cilia well developed to rudimentary or absent. Calyptra usually cucullate, small, fugacious, usually smooth. Spores smooth to variously roughened

perforate to near the base; operculum conic to short-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate, rarely mitrate. Spores spheric to ovoid or ± reniform, finely to coarsely

as long as segments or shorter, nodulose or not. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, smooth. Spores smooth to papillose, pale-yellow, tan, or nearly hyaline

erect or horizontal, short-cylindric; operculum short-rostrate or conic, cucullate; peristome double. Nearly worldwide, temperate and tropical regions Genera

auriculate, sheathing, margins entire to irregularly crenulate distally, apex cucullate, mucronate or piliferous; costa broad, percurrent to long-excurrent, in

sometimes shorter than in perfect endostomes, cilia short to absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Nearly worldwide, temperate to subpolar regions, tropical mountains

or absent, small, at neck to part-way up capsule. Calyptra mitrate to cucullate, covering operculum. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America

or broadly elliptic gaps, cilia 1–4 (absent in Leptohymenium). Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric, finely papillose to nearly smooth. Nearly

Capsule smooth; annulus ill-formed; peristome teeth smooth. Calyptra cucullate. North America, Europe, Asia, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia

16, shorter than endostome; endostome segments 16, cilia 0–3. Calyptra cucullate, naked. n North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America

not to narrowly perforate, cilia in groups of 1–4, nodulose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or roughened, naked. Spores spheric, usually papillose. North America

sharply acute to subulate, occasionally broadly acute, obtuse, or weakly cucullate; costa shortly and sharply mucronate, adaxial outgrowths absent, adaxial

exostome teeth], smooth, papillose, or striate, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked or sometimes sparsely hairy. Spores spheric, finely papillose

apex broadly acute to rounded, mucronate to hair-pointed, occasionally cucullate; margins plane to weakly recurved on one or both sides, entire; costa single

bilabiate, funnelform, abaxial lobes 3, emarginate, adaxial 2, adaxial lip cucullate; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, anther mucros unequal; staminode

sometimes obcompressed and plumply biconvex, sometimes flattened and cucullate (lengths usually 1–2+ times diams., sometimes finely striate or 1–5-nerved

tips to the epiphragm (tympanum) covering the capsule mouth. Calyptra cucullate, with a matted felt of hairs arising from its tip and covering all or part

mostly cylindric; peristome present or absent. Calyptra deciduous, mostly cucullate, rarely conic-mitrate. Worldwide except Antarctica, mostly tropical and

absent, weakly developed, or rarely well developed, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate, naked or hairy. Spores anisosporous, occasionally large, papillose. Nearly

Etymology: Greek dicha, in two, and elyma, veil, alluding to large dimidate or cucullate calyptra Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 491. Mentioned

segments long, narrowly perforate, cilia nodose or appendiculate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or slightly roughened, naked or hairy. North America, Europe, Asia

along keel by narrow slits, cilia absent or 1–3, often connate. Calyptra cucullate, naked or hairy. Spores papillose to finely papillose. Nearly worldwide

hemiparasitic, chlorophyllous. > 7 7 Corollas bilabiate, adaxial lips not galeate, cucullate, or beaked. > 8 8 Corollas salverform. > 9 9 Corollas purple, blue-purple

endostome rudimentary or absent to well developed, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate, hairy or naked. Spores spheric, minutely papillose. Nearly worldwide,

16, linear, or absent, cilia absent. Calyptra mitrate or occasionally cucullate, smooth or papillose. Spores spheric, granular to papillose or sometimes

mostly smooth on internal surface, with weak transverse bars. Calyptra cucullate and deciduous or rarely conic-mitrate, sometimes clasping the seta below

cells. Calyptra persistent, mitrate, and minute, or fugacious, mitrate or cucullate, and irregularly lobed or torn at the base, covering up to 2/3 of the capsule

stomata present or absent, small, at base of capsule. Calyptra mitrate to cucullate, covering operculum. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America

below, entire or denticulate above; apex obtuse to rounded, often weakly cucullate; costa long-excurrent as a smooth or denticulate, hyaline awn, occasionally

in place by the cucullate (hooded) staminode. Bees, probing for nectar in the flower, depress the appendage (trigger) of the cucullate staminode. This

rostrate, falling detached from the columella. Calyptra campanulate, becoming cucullate with age, erose at base, large, covering 1/2 to all of capsule, plicate

pigmented areas at base and tip of the spore sac. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, sometimes lobed or torn at the base, covering the distal 2/3 of the capsule

halfway into two segments, vertically or irregularly striolate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores spheric, 16–30 µm, finely roughened, green. North America

elongate. Capsule erect; stomata present; peristome diplolepidous. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. North America, ne Mexico, West Indies (Dominican Republic)

folds in abaxial side of tube), lobes loosely ascending to recurved (not cucullate), abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, didynamous, included, filaments

prominent), obovoid to ± cylindric, saccate most of lengths (terete, galeate or cucullate, each loosely enclosing a floret); wings inflexed (± lateral). Staminate

papillose, sometimes indistinct or absent. Calyptra conic or sometimes almost cucullate, smooth or papillose. Nearly worldwide, mostly tropical and subtropical

covering capsules completely and clasping the distal end of seta, or rarely, cucullate, ± papillose, non-plicate. Spores finely papillose to nearly smooth, relatively

or inclined; peristome short and cribrose to long and twisted. Calyptra cucullate. Spores finely papillose, 9–22 µm. North America, Mexico, South America

external surface; operculum differentiated, obliquely long-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate. Spores medium-sized, 20–30 µm, papillose. Worldwide, mainly temperate

inflexed when moist, of 2 layers of cells. Calyptra conic-mitrate or cucullate, small, not constricted beyond base. Spores 8–12 µm, smooth or slightly

counterclockwise, teeth to 700 (–1300) µm, sometimes rudimentary. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 7–18 µm. KOH laminal color reaction red, occasionally red-orange

horizontally striate proximally, hyaline and papillose distally. Calyptra cucullate, ciliate or entire at base. Spores ca. 13 µm, smooth or papillose. North

plane proximally, erect to broadly incurved above; apex broadly rounded, cucullate; costae single, ending below apex, frequently spurred above, distal adaxial

cells usually in obliquely radial rows. Calyptra large, long-rostrate, cucullate and inflated. Spores smooth or weakly papillose to tuberculate or bacculate-insulate

developed; endostome cilia well developed or absent. Calyptra cucullate or conic-cucullate [mitrate]. Nearly worldwide, apparently in Europe, tropical and

connate in 8 pairs, papillose; endostome segments 0, 8, or 16. Calyptra cucullate, conic, smooth, naked or rarely hairy, not plicate, covering distal portion

usually falling attached to columella (except S. trichodon). Calyptra cucullate or mitrate, not erose, not fully covering operculum, smooth. North America

convex to weakly conic, cells in obliquely radial rows. Calyptra large, cucullate, usually smooth, and often long-rostrate. Spores spherical, smooth or papillose

with or without a short basal membrane, papillose to spiculose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, very finely papillose, verrucose, or with somewhat vermicular

membrane present, segments 16, cilia absent or inconspicuous. Calyptra cucullate or conic-mitrate, naked or hairy. Spores spheric, smooth or rough. Nearly

unknown; pistillate: sepals in unequal pairs, spatulate to obovate, usually cucullate, to 1.5 × 2 cm; petals obovate-clawed, 3–4 cm, waxy; [staminodes connate

distally; apex gradually tapered, acute, acuminate, truncate, apiculate, or cucullate; costa to 40–80% leaf length, broad throughout, terminal abaxial spine

divisions, vertically pitted-striolate below, papillose above, red. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, covering ca. 1/2 of capsule, fugacious. Spores 10–25 µm, spheric

wall; retort cells absent. Branch leaves ovate to broadly ovate, apex cucullate and roughened on convex surface; margin toothed; hyaline cells fibrillose;

endostome well developed, cilia 2–4, often nodose or nodulose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 8–20 µm, smooth or papillose. North America, Mexico, West Indies

rudimentary, ligulate to triangular in shape, untwisted. Calyptra conic-cucullate, occasionally mitrate. Spores large, 20–30 µm. KOH laminal color reaction

perforate, straight or seldom weakly twisted counterclockwise. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 8–25 µm. KOH laminal color reaction medium orange to yellowish

Capsule smooth; annulus ill-formed; peristome teeth smooth. Calyptra cucullate. North America, Central America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands

short, fragile; endostome basal membrane low, segments reduced. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. North America, Europe, Asia, Atlantic Islands (Iceland) Species

peristome teeth 8–16, entire or divided 1/2 their length, articulate. Calyptra cucullate or mitrate, smooth, rarely fringed at base. Spores spherical. Worldwide

annulus absent; operculum not differentiated; peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate, enlarged, completely covering capsule, sometimes split at base. Spores

when dry, when present pseudocosta marginal [submarginal]; apex often cucullate. Outer perichaetial leaves one-third shorter than inner leaves. Vaginula

triangular-acuminate; petals 5, corolla dark red or dark purple, strongly bilabiate, cucullate, short-tubular, palatal folds absent, abaxial lobes 0 or 3, adaxial 2,

peristome absent; operculum obliquely apiculate to rostellate. Calyptra cucullate, ± papillose, non-plicate. Spores finely papillose. North America, Mexico

cilia present or absent, sometimes well developed. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, naked. Spores spheric to ovoid, smooth or papillose. Nearly worldwide

or almost as long as exostome teeth, cilia present or absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric to ovoid, minutely papillose. s United States

pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit; midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not; stamens 5–8

constricted below mouth; stomata superficial; peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, not plicate, covering 1/2 capsule. Spores isosporous. North

exostome length, lightly papillose, cilia rudimentary or absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric, papillose, yellow. North America, West

papillose filaments, teeth sometimes arranged in 8 groups of 2 teeth. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose to ovoid, finely papillose. Worldwide Species 14 (3 in

peristome variable; operculum conic, short to long-rostrate. Calyptra mostly cucullate, infrequently mitrate, smooth or prorate. Spores smooth to finely papillose

(–6), ovate to nearly circular, sometimes slightly concave at base, not cucullate, margins hyaline, glaucous, glabrous; petals persistent at fruiting, 3–5

stomata absent; peristome single; exostome teeth 16, smooth. Calyptra cucullate, long-conic, smooth, naked, not plicate, covering distal 1/3 of capsule

saccate basally (slightly saccate in H. linearifolius, apex of median pair cucullate or not); petals white, lilac, lavender, purple, or yellow (sometimes with

dentate in distal 1/4 or at the apex; apex broadly acute to rounded, rarely cucullate or emarginate; costa subpercurrent or percurrent, ending in an apiculus

groups of (2–) 3–4, long, slender, appendiculate or nodulose. Calyptra cucullate, naked. Spores globose, minutely papillose. North America, Eurasia, mostly

papillose to vertically striolate or pitted-striolate, redbrown. Calyptrae cucullate, occasionally rough at apex. Spores spheric, 14–24 µm, finely roughened

or dry), ovatelanceolate to lanceolate to oblongelliptic; apex flat or cucullate, acute, obtuse, or apiculate, the margins subentire, denticulate or coarsely

when moist, ovatelanceolate, ovate, to obovate, sometimes concave and cucullate, 1.2–5 mm; margins entire to serrulate distally; apices somewhat blunt

margins plane, incurved distally, muticous, concave, apex rounded to cucullate, costa not projecting on abaxial side, subpercurrent; basal juxtacostal

basal membrane 1/6–2/3 the total length of the peristome. Calyptra long-cucullate, acute, yellow or brown. Spores finely to strongly papillose. KOH laminal

gaping, ultimately split to apex, cilia absent or rudimentary. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, reaching capsule base. Spores (12–) 15–22 µm, minutely papillose

divided nearly to base to form two filiform segments, papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, minutely papillose. North America, Europe, Asia in boreal

longitudinally pitted-striolate proximally, papillose distally. Calyptra cucullate, often split incompletely to base, which clasp the tip of seta until capsule

annulus present; peristome teeth 16, divided nearly to the base. Calyptra cucullate, fimbriate or entire at base. Spores 11–19 µm. North America, Mexico, Central

broadly lanceolate, blunt, 0.3 mm, densely papillose-striolate. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 9–14 µm, coarsely papillose or smooth. North America, Mexico, West

e, or conic and rostrate; peristome absent. Calyptra conic-mitrate or cucullate, undivided at base or with several lobes, smooth, naked or pilose. Spores

occasionally obliquely rostrate; endostome trellis imperfect. Calyptra cucullate, covering only operculum. Spores 13–18 µm. c, se United States Species

connivent over the mouth of the capsule when moist. Calyptra scarcely cucullate. R. S. Breen and R. A. Pursell (1959), after reviewing specimens of Splachnobryum

adjacent segments converging opposite exostome teeth, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate. N.W.T. Species 1. Pseudoditrichaceae consists of a single species, known

adnate to dorsal sepal, with decurrent foot, short, pubescent; anther ovate-cucullate, margins entire; viscidium oblong-linear; rostellum oblong; stigma 2-lobed

linear-subulate; endostome segments slender, strongly papillose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. w North America, nw Mexico Species 1. According to D. H. Norris

stem. Seta very short, erect. Capsule cleistocarpous, immersed. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, papillose. North America, Mexico, South America, Europe

endostome basal membrane high, papillose, cilia present or absent. Calyptra cucullate or rarely mitrate, hairs usually few-to-many, long, delicate. Spores smooth

obliquely rostellate, attached to columella after dehiscence. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spheric. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Europe, Asia Genus

peristomial layer of only 8 or 16 cells, or endostome absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or papillose, glabrous. Spores striate, pitted or papillose]. North

membrane very low, segments smooth, cilia absent. Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, densely hairy. Spores spheric to irregular, large, smooth to roughened]

partially adnate to dorsal sepal, not inflated adaxially at base; anther ovate-cucullate, margins entire; viscidium rounded; rostellum longer than wide; stigma

pairs, then separate, erect or reflexed, rudimentary. Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, conic, not constricted beyond base. Spores 10–15 µm, smooth. n North America

pitted-striolate proximally, papillose above, reddish-brown. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, covering most of capsule, fugacious. Spores 12–30 µm, spherical

recurved proximally or plane distally; apex broadly rounded to acute, not cucullate, hyaline in distal 1/4–1/2 of leaf or rarely nearly entirely green; costa

vertically pitted-striolate proximally, papillose distally, red. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores spheric, 14–25 µm, finely roughened, yellow to yellow-green

superficial, restricted to base of capsule. Calyptra mostly persistent, cucullate. Spores spherical, papillose to short-spinose. Worldwide except Antarctica

divided nearly to base, vertically striolate nearly to tips. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, entire at base, naked. Spores spherical, smooth. North America

persistent, not accrescent, 3, forming involucre, distinct, broadly ovate, cucullate, thin, translucent. Flowers bisexual, chasmogamous; perianth strongly bilaterally

green, margins white or pink, petaloid, not keeled, broadly rounded, cucullate; midveins unbranched; stamens 8. Achenes exserted from perianth, brown

and appressed to the stem when dry, erect-spreading when moist, obtusely cucullate, often secund; sheath broadly elliptic, hyaline-margined, gradually tapering

1-stratose, apex rounded or rounded-obtuse to obtusely acute to occasionally cucullate; costa subpercurrent by 4–5 cells, adaxial outgrowths absent, covered ventrally

remnants adhering to back of exostome, cilia usually absent. Calyptra cucullate, fully or partly covering capsule, with scattered archegonia and paraphyses

shortly rostrate, occasionally not differentiated, 0.5–2.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, 2.5–6 mm, smooth. Spores 13–30 (–50) µm, papillose, rarely densely spiculose

chamber that encloses glands; glands 4 [2 or 6], flat; appendages petaloid, cucullate, partly connate and forming nectar spur that conceals glands. Staminate

convex and more or less apiculate; columella included. Calyptra small, cucullate, smooth and naked, readily deciduous. Spores tetrahedral, with densely

oblanceolate or lanceolate to lance-linear, equal, margins scarious (apices cucullate, faces glabrous). Receptacles flat (sometimes with central cusp), smooth

absent. Calyptra large, enveloping the whole capsule, mitrate, becoming cucullate on dehiscence, persistent. Spores chlorophyllose or aborted, the former

the plates sometimes eroded away, prostome present or absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores granular-papillose. Worldwide in tropical and subtopical

papillose, median line present or absent, cilia absent. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric, densely and finely to coarsely papillose

segments 16, keeled, perforate, cilia usually present, 2 or 3. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spheric, lightly papillose. se United States, Mexico, West Indies

segments distinct, 0.8–1 mm wide; lateral 2 somewhat fleshy, apically cucullate; dorsoventral 2 plane, membranous; stamens 4; filaments inserted on base

peristome single, teeth16, split into 2 filaments, densely papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, finely papillose. North America, Europe, Asia, Africa

yellowish, striate at base and papillose at tips, 210–240 µm. Calyptra cucullate, fringed at base. Spores yellowish green, smooth, 10–13 µm; exothecial

these linear, straight or twisted to 2–4 times counterclockwise. Calyptra cucullate. Spores small, lightly papillose, light-brown. KOH laminal color reaction

6 (–1.8) mm, cells in straight rows; peristome teeth absent. Calyptra cucullate, 1.2–1.5 (–2) mm, smooth. Spores 9–12 (–19) µm, weakly to strongly papillose

basal membrane present, finely papillose to spinulose-papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, smooth to finely papillose. Worldwide Species 3 (2 in

showy; callose staminode mainly fleshy, narrow apical rim petallike; cucullate staminode with 2 appendages, subterminal, fingerlike; stylar movement helical

keeled, margins recurved proximally, incurved distally, tapering to a blunt cucullate apex, muticous, costal transverse-section prominent, usually semicircular;

narrowly triangular, usually strongly twisted counterclockwise. Calyptra cucullate. Spores mostly 8–12 µm. KOH laminal color reaction yellow, occasionally

projecting lamellae, interior surface slightly projecting or not. Calyptra cucullate, entire, smooth, and naked. Spores granulate to gemmate-papillose. North

paleate (paleae oblong to lanceolate, membranous to scarious, plane to cucullate). Ray-florets [0 or 1–] 6–18 [–20], pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow

develops, green, margins white to pink, petaloid, not keeled, oblong, cucullate; midveins branched, sometimes not visible; stamens 6–8. Achenes exserted

green, margins white to pink, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, not cucullate; veins branched; stamens 8. Achenes exserted from perianth, pale-brown

slightly arcuate, 3-angled, to 1 × 0.3 cm, with prominent foot; anther green, cucullate, acute, the margins and apex papillose, 2 × 0.3 cm; pollinaria with no

2–8 (–15) -flowered, open at one time. Flowers: sepals: median pair apex cucullate, (setulose below apex), lateral pair broader, saccate basally; petals 12

white or pink margins, sepaloid or petaloid, oblong or oblongelliptic, cucullate, navicular, apex rounded; midveins unbranched or with few branches at base;

teeth entire to divided at apices, redbrown with hyaline tips. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, covering 1/3–1/2 of capsule, entire at base. Spores spherical

2/3 as long as the teeth, yellowish, finely papillose-striate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores mostly 12–21 µm, finely papillose. Generated Map Legacy

vesiculose cells, revoluble; operculum short-conic; peristome lacking. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 15–18 µm.] Laminal KOH color reaction red. e North America, Mexico

fleshy, crenately lobed nectar disc; sepals 5, ovate to nearly circular, ± cucullate, margins narrowly hyaline, glaucous, glabrous; petals 5, usually white

perforated along keel by narrow slits, cilia 1–3, often connate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores very finely papillose. North America, Mexico, Central

Capsules smooth; peristome smooth or absent; annulus ill-formed; calyptra cucullate > 2 2 Alar cells not differentiated or sometimes enlarged; autoicous; calcareous

base, occasionally perforate, ligulate, straight, to 125 µm. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 20–45 µm. KOH distal laminal color reaction yellow. w North America

occasionally straight; operculum short to long-conic or conic-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 8–12 µm. KOH laminal color reaction yellow to orange, occasionally

twisted counterclockwise, teeth when well developed to 1.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, occasionally flaring proximally and not split. Spores 8–30 µm. KOH distal

plicate in Eurasian specimens], margins plane proximally, incurved distally, cucullate, awn 0.1–0.5 mm, often muticous, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular;

straight to arcuate; peristome teeth 32, simple, linear and crowded. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or merely hispid at tip. Spores finely papillose, appearing smooth

distinctly vertically striate basally, red, with pale, papillose tips. Calyptra cucullate. smooth. Spores (10–) 15–23 (–25) µm, smooth, finely to distinctly papillose

segments keeled, perforate, cilia (2–) 3–4, long, nodose. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, small, smooth. Spores shed singly. w North America Species 1. Plants of

outer staminodes 2, petallike; callose staminode apex usually petallike; cucullate staminode with 1 appendage, medial [subterminal], flaplike [fingerlike];

above, pale at the slender tips, vertically striolate throughout. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores warty-papillose, brown. North America, Europe, Asia Species

Receptacles conic to hemispheric, paleate (paleae oblong to lanceolate, plane [cucullate], membranous to scarious). Ray-florets 6–18, pistillate, fertile; corollas

margins entire to irregularly denticulate, differentiated at base, apex cucullate; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, filaments of 3–9 cells, cells cylindric

numerous, scattered in proximal half of the capsule. Calyptra mitraeform to cucullate, regularly 4-lobed at base. Spores globose, densely and finely papillose

sigmoid), 6–20 mm. Flowers: sepals elliptic or ovate, (2–) 3.5–7.5 mm, (cucullate); petals 6–11 mm. Fruits obovoid to subglobose, not inflated (not angustiseptate)

outer obcompressed, ellipsoid or obovoid, winged (wings ± corky, often cucullate and/or pectinate), faces often corky-tuberculate, glabrous, inner ± obovoid

4–6 (–7) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (often red or lavender when dried), obovate, 6–8.5 (–9.5) mm,

quadrate, thick-walled cells, operculum conic, peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Acidic sedimentary rocks Elevation: moderate to high elevations

peristome teeth yellowish, split and perforated, papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Dry acidic rock Elevation: moderate elevations (500-1500 m) Generated

slightly below mouth, irregular and not forked, early deciduous. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, covering 1/2 of capsule. Spores nearly spherical to slightly angled

papillose to smooth distally, reddish-brown to nearly hyaline. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, fugacious. Spores 12–20 µm, smooth to finely papillose

white or pink, petaloid, not keeled, oblong-obovate to spatulate, not cucullate; midvein usually unbranched; stamens 8. Achenes exserted from perianth

straight, peristome fully developed, not perforate, not split. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Humid to dry areas, exposed granite, metamorphic rock, metavolcanic

hypanthium without nectar disc; sepals 4, lanceolate to ovate, ± concave, not cucullate, margins usually narrowly hyaline at least proximally, not glaucous, glabrous;

500–1200 µm, twisted counterclockwise, operculum long-conic. Calyptra cucullate. Spores small, 9–11 µm. Distal laminal KOH color reaction strongly yellow

overlapping, green to tannish with white or pink margins, petaloid, oblong, cucullate, navicular, apex rounded; midveins usually branched, rarely unbranched;

Leaves only slightly sheathing at base, distinctly concave to channeled, cucullate, the apex obtuse or apiculate; lamina broad and 1-stratose, margins entire

sepals 5, [triangular-lanceolate] narrowly oblong to linear, valvate, often cucullate, commonly with hornlike subapical apiculum, stellate-pubescent to glabrate;

long-rostrate, oblique, of untwisted cells; peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 9–12 µm.] KOH laminal color reaction yellow to yellow-orange

peristome teeth 16, linear, occasionally rudimentary, straight. Calyptra cucullate. Spores small.] KOH laminal color reaction usually yellow, often orange

oblong [ovate, linear], lateral pair saccate or not basally, (apex often cucullate); petals yellow or pale-yellow [creamy white], spatulate or oblanceolate

systylius, obliquely conic-rostrate, 0.2–1 mm; peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores ca. 17 µm, brownish, finely papillose. KOH laminal color

spiculose, long-linear teeth, not twisted, basal membrane absent. Calyptra cucullate. Spores lightly papillose, 8–10 µm. Laminal KOH color reaction in proximal

hidden by imbricate leaves > 2 2 Leaves oblong to elliptic; apices rounded-cucullate; laminal cell walls collenchymatous. Aulacomnium turgidum 2 Leaves oblong-lanceolate

apices obtuse; margins irregularly dentate at apex, or if entire, apex cucullate; calyptrae naked, papillose; on base of trees near streams or seasonally

8–) 1.5–1.8 × (0.3–) 0.6–0.8 mm, margins incurved distally, apex often cucullate, awn 0.3–0.5 mm or absent, lamina 2-plicate, extending from apex to base;

margins plane distally or rarely recurved proximally; apex acute, not cucullate, not hyaline; costa not reaching apex, apiculus absent or very short, 1

stomata confined to distal hypophysis; operculum not developed. Calyptra cucullate or conic-mitrate. Spores 9 µm, smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature summer

gradually narrowed to apex, ± falcate; apex acuminate or short-acuminate, not cucullate. Habitat: Intermediately mineral-rich to mineral-rich and usually nutrient-poor

cm, distal smaller. Heads 10–100+ together. Cypselae obovoid, somewhat cucullate, 1.8–2 mm, often tuberculate, glabrous. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering mostly

acute, rounded, or apiculate with apiculus curved in over leaf, often cucullate. Habitat: Open, intermediately mineral-rich, mostly dry wetlands, fens

distal hypophysis; operculum bluntly conic. Calyptra conic-mitrate or cucullate. Spores 8 µm, smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature summer. Habitat: Caribou

single; endostome segments irregularly linear. Calyptra subcucullate to cucullate. Spores papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature Dec–Apr. Habitat: Twigs,

brown, 3–4 mm; operculum obliquely rostrate, 2.5 mm. Calyptra tardily cucullate, 2.5–3 mm. Spores 13–15 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature late Jan. Habitat:

one or both sides proximally; apex plane or with erect margins but not cucullate. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Seta 1–2 (–3) per perichaetium

plane to erect, broadly incurved distally, not undulate; apex typically cucullate, occasionally fistulose, obtuse to acute, occasionally abruptly narrowed

oblique, lanceolate, finely papillose, entire to variously cleft. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 8–14 µm, spherical, mostly smooth. Laminal KOH color reaction

into 2 filiform, strongly papillose branches. Calyptra conic-mitrate to cucullate, naked. Spores spherical, pale-yellow, finely roughened. North America

twisted clockwise or straight, teeth to 300–700 µm [rudimentary]. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 8–13 µm. KOH laminal color reaction yellow. North America, Mexico

white, margins, petaloid or sepaloid, not keeled, elliptic to oblong, cucullate; midveins thickened or not; stamens 3–6 (–8). Achenes enclosed in or exserted

conic, stoutly, bluntly, and obliquely medium to long-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate, 2–4 mm, covering to below mid capsule, naked. Spores 18–23 µm, finely

operculum conic-rostrate, erect or oblique; peristome teeth absent. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 8–13 µm.] KOH distal laminal color reaction yellow to yellowish

vertically pitted-striolate basally, papillose distally; annulus none. Calyptra cucullate, somewhat roughened at apex, covering capsule to just below the mouth.

2–8 (–10) mm. Flowers: sepals (6–) 7–10 (–12) × 1.5–2.2 mm, outer pair cucullate or not, glabrous or with subapical tuft of trichomes; petals broadly obovate

broadly ovate, 3.5–6.5 mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, cucullate, median pair thickened, slightly cucullate apically); petals (spreading), oblanceolate to obovate

broadly ovate, 3–6.5 (–8) mm, (median pair slightly thickened apically, cucullate); petals (yellow to orange), broadly obovate, 6–11 mm, (narrowing gradually

narrow basal membrane less than 1/4 the length of the exostome. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 18–23 µm, very finely papillose. Habitat: Mineral

and tubulose-fistulose beyond a flat, flaring and sheathing base, apex cucullate-fistulose; lamina beyond the base spirally inrolled, 2-stratose except

fruit. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, slender. Flowers: sepals cucullate, (median pair) linear or (lateral pair) broadly oblongelliptic; petals

mm. Flowers: sepals elliptic or oblongelliptic, 4.5–7 mm, (median pair cucullate); petals spatulate, 7–9 (–14) mm, (claw undifferentiated from blade). Fruits

becoming weakly papillate on the hyaline tips, endostome not seen. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, smooth. Spores 24–30 µm, with

trabeculae weakly developed, appendiculae almost absent in the tip. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 22–30 µm, nearly smooth to papillose. Habitat: Sand mixed

striate basally and nearly smooth at the tips, endostome not seen. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 27–35

distinct or weakly coherent). Cypselae strongly obcompressed, often slightly cucullate, ± obovate to elliptic, margins corky-winged, irregularly toothed, faces

peristome teeth orange, deeply split and perforated, papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Damp acidic rock Elevation: high elevations (2000-3000 m) Generated

teeth orange, broad, cribrose and irregularly cleft at apex. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Dry basic rocky substrates such as limestone, basalt, and mortar

Flowers: sepals (greenish yellow), lanceolate, 6–8.5 mm, (saccate and cucullate); petals spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, 7–10 (–12) mm. Fruits didymous

oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 3.8–5 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals narrowly lanceolate to linear, 6–10 (–13) mm. Fruits (sessile

rounded triangular, extending to about the tooth middle, smooth. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 32–40

faint sweet odor; sepals deltate, 0.5–1 mm; petals convolute, boatshaped, cucullate, 1.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, much longer than sepals, apex obtuse; filaments 1–2

smooth membrane 3–5 cells high with rounded segments of 1–3 cells. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 25–32 µm, finely papillose. Habitat: Sand or mineral soil

perforate along the median line, endostome a low papillose membrane. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 27–36

the tips; endostome segments shorter that the teeth, papillose. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 15–18

symmetric, 0.5 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum 0.4 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.3–0.5 mm. Spores 10–16 µm. Habitat: Around bases of trees, decaying

oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm; margins entire distally, erect proximally; apex cucullate to subcucullate. Specialized asexual reproduction rare, short-uniseriate

proximal half. Calyptra covering the apiculus, mitrate, shallowly 4-lobed to cucullate, deeply split on one side. Phenology: Capsules mature early summer (May–Jun)

long as the teeth, bluntly 2-lobed or emarginate, papillose. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 18–30 µm, obscurely angled, finely papillose

short irregularly pointed, brownish yellow, endostome absent. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 24–32

Association Leaves broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, concave and often cucullate, apex usually obtuse, margins usually entire; costa often ending before

papillose tip, endostome evanescent with low, broad, segments. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 20–25

contorted when dry, ovate to ovatelanceolate, concave and often somewhat cucullate, (0.35–) 0.5–0.9 (–1.5) mm, margins plane to weakly recurved, often only

urn; stomata over whole of hypophysis; operculum hemispheric. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 10–11 µm, smooth or slightly papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature

endostome a low, irregular membrane partially adherent to the teeth. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 22–27 µm, papillose to finely bacculate-insulate

lanceolate and about 2/3 the length of the teeth, papillose. Calyptra cucullate, long-rostrate. Spores 21–30 µm, baccate-insulate. Habitat: Bare, apparently

yellowish white, or pale-yellow, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, cucullate, 5–9 (–11.5) mm, apex abruptly pointed; filaments pale-yellow; anthers

sericeous to strigillose, inner ultimately obovate to ± orbiculate, usually ± cucullate, scarious to membranous, usually glandular-pubescent, each ± investing

Association Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, tubulose but not concave or cucullate, apex acute, margins dentate; costa percurrent. Phenology: Capsules mature

insertion; margins revolute 1–2 times to just before apex, entire; apex rounded-cucullate; costa flexuose toward apex; laminal cells round to oblong, papillae low;

base; apex broadly acute to rounded-truncate and short-apiculate, often cucullate; costa to 40–70% leaf length, weak, terminal abaxial spine absent; alar

(usually to base) or perforate, subulate, transparent, straight. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 10–13 µm.] KOH laminal color reaction orange to yellowish orange

short-conic to conic-rostrate, somewhat inclined; peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 11–18 µm.] Laminal KOH color reaction red. sw United States, Mexico

Spores 22–33 µm, spherical to ellipsoidal, minutely papillose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, covering most of capsule, fugacious. North America, Mexico

green or reddish-brown with white margins, oblong, flat or obscurely cucullate in fruit, outer tepals not pouched at base; midveins unbranched, thin to

tepals overlapping, green with pink, red, or white margins, oblong, flat (cucullate in fruit), outer tepals not pouched at base; veins branched, thickened;

lightly papillose to closely spiculose, basal membrane low]. Calyptra cucullate, ca. 0.7–1 [–1.4] mm, smooth. Spores ca. 9–11 µm, smooth to papillose,

somewhat anastomosing, straight or weakly twisted counterclockwise. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 10 µm.] KOH laminal color reaction red. North America, Mexico

teeth 32, long, linear, twisted counterclockwise about 1/2 turn. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 13–16 µm. KOH laminal color reaction red. Canada, Europe, Asia

obliquely rostrate from a low-conic base; peristome teeth absent. Calyptra cucullate. Spores 11–15 µm.] KOH laminal color reaction yellow or negative to black

subentire at the apex; apices very broadly rounded-obtuse and usually cucullate; costa ceasing at 1/2–3/4 of the way up the leaf, spurred and commonly

anastomosing, twisted very weakly counterclockwise, teeth ca. 200 µm. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 15–18 µm. Laminal KOH color reaction reddish orange. w North

hexagonal, 1-4:1; leaf bases green > 6 6 Leaf apices broadly rounded to acute, cucullate; costal apiculus often present, of more than 2 cells; distal laminal cells

appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 369. Leaves with concolorous, cucullate tips. Habitat: Wet rocks Elevation: elevation not known (mountain) Generated

acuminate, mostly 2.5–4 mm; margins entire distally, plane proximally; apex cucullate to subcucullate. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Seta 1 per perichaetium

oblong, (4.5–) 5–6 (–7) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, cucullate, median pair thickened, cucullate apically); petals spatulate, 7–9 (–11) mm (widened at

elliptic, 5.5–8 (–9.5) mm, (lateral pair slightly cucullate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate, usually keeled); petals (orange to yellow), oblong

obtusely cucullate apex. Polytrichastrum alpinum var. septentrionale is similar, but has papillose lamellae, and the leaf apex is not cucullate. None. None

operculum rostrate to conic-rostrate, ca. 0.4–0.5 mm, cells straight. Calyptra cucullate, 0.5–1.2 mm, smooth. Spores 11–16 µm, smooth to papillose, brownish. KOH

developed from a pale basal membrane bearing irregular segments. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 20–24

5) mm; tube 18–26% of perianth length; tepals initially overlapping and cucullate, later forced apart by developing achene, greenish or sometimes purple

to green, rarely pinkish, margins, sepaloid, ± keeled, narrowly oblong, cucullate; midveins unbranched, moderately to heavily thickened, tepals appearing

greenish with narrow white or pink margins, almost sepaloid, oblong, cucullate, ± navicular, apex rounded; midveins thickened, unbranched; stamens 8.

subtubulose and generally ± twisted-crispate when dry, concave when moist, often cucullate at a rounded though often narrow apex, decurrent at base; margins erect

distally, entire; apex tapered to acute or apiculate point, or deeply concave-cucullate with often recurved apiculus; costa single, ending just below apex or percurrent

rarely recurved proximally or plane distally; apex acuminate to acute, not cucullate, not hyaline; costa long-excurrent, awn slender, pigmented; proximal laminal

symmetric, to 1.5 mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum to 1 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 2 mm. Spores 13–18 µm. Habitat: Damp, shaded soil, humus, and

symmetric, 0.7 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum 0.3–0.8 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.4 mm. Spores 9–13 µm. Habitat: Bare gravelly soil in dried stream

symmetric, to 0.5 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.4 mm. Spores 13–20 µm. Habitat: Decaying logs, living cypress

symmetric, to 0.6 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 11–16 µm. Habitat: Soil of stream banks and ravines

sepals cream, ovate to deltate, 0.7–0.8 ×0.3 mm; petals yellow, weakly cucullate, (2.3–) 2.7–3.1 × 0.8–1.1 mm; stamens 8, filaments to 1.2 mm, anthers yellow

margins incurved, intermarginal bands absent, often sheathing, muticous, cucullate, obtuse-rounded, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells

or purple, with narrow whitish margins, petaloid or sepaloid, oblong, cucullate, navicular, apex rounded; midveins unbranched; stamens 8. Achenes enclosed

length; tepals overlapping, uniformly white, petaloid, oblong to obovate, cucullate, navicular in distal 1/4, apex rounded; midveins unbranched; stamens 8

overlapping, green with white or pink margins, petaloid, not keeled, elliptic, cucullate; midveins unbranched, thickened; stamens 5. Achenes enclosed in perianth

overlapping, uniformly white to pink, petaloid, oblong to oblong-obovate, cucullate, navicular in distal 1/4, apex rounded; midveins unbranched or with short

striate basally and nearly smooth at the tips, endostome not seen. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 18–25

overlapping, greenish, white, or pink with pink margins, petaloid, oblong, cucullate, navicular in distal 1/4, apex rounded; midveins unbranched; stamens 8

striate basally and papillose at the tips, endostome not seen. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 27–35

almost to base; apex acute or gradually to abruptly short-acuminate, rarely cucullate; costa to 60–80% leaf length, strong, terminal abaxial spine present; alar

symmetric, to 0.7 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 0.7 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 0.6 mm. Spores 9–11 µm. Habitat: Soil, rocks and stones (usually

symmetric, to 0.6 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 9.4 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 0.5 mm. Spores 11–23 µm. Habitat: Moist, disturbed soil and

usually with 3 flowers per bract, cymule axis 0.2–1.3 mm, bracts reniform, cucullate, 1 mm wide; pistillate flowers usually 1 per inflorescence. Pedicels: staminate

basally, narrowing midway to a slender tip, finely papillose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 25–30 µm, somewhat angled, finely rugose-verrucate. Habitat:

rarely whitish green, margins, sepaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, cucullate; midveins branched, moderately to heavily thickened; stamens 7–8. Achenes

rarely red or white, margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, cucullate; midveins usually unbranched; stamens 7–8. Achenes enclosed in perianth

peristome teeth anomalous, undivided, papillose; operculum to 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.3 mm. Spores 8–11 µm. Habitat: Walls of small pockets in gypsum

membrane, finely papillose distally, nodose proximally. Calyptra large, cucullate and twisted. Spores 20–30 µm, roughened, brown. Phenology: Capsules mature

slightly papillose, 2–3 articulations present, endostome not seen. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked, inflated around the capsule, large, smooth. Spores 25–35

weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate, often long-rostrate, large, usually smooth. Spores spherical, smooth or

overlapping, green with white to pink margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong, cucullate; veins branched; stamens 8. Achenes slightly exserted from perianth, light-brown

margins entire to irregularly crenulate, undifferentiated at base, apex cucullate; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, filaments of 3–7 cells, cells cylindric

symmetric, 0.5–0.8 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 0.8 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.6 mm. Spores 10–13 µm. Habitat: Damp calcareous soil and limestone

mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum ± as long as theca. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 1–1.7 µm. Spores 7.5–12 µm. Habitat: Sandstone ledges and crevices

symmetric, to 0.6 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, ± prorate, 0.3 µm. Spores 9–14µm. Habitat: Usually in damp areas around

serrulate at apex; apex acute, acuminate, or narrowed, rounded, and somewhat cucullate; costa flexuose; laminal cells rounded-quadrate, short-rectangular, or

rarely white, petaloid, not keeled, oblong, ± outcurved, usually not cucullate; midveins unbranched or branched; stamens 5. Achenes exserted from perianth

apex, entire or sometimes irregularly serrulate near apex; apex obtuse, cucullate; basal laminal cells short-rectangular, walls thin, somewhat nodose; distal

narrowly spathulate, 2.5–5 mm; apices broadly acute to obtuse, sometimes cucullate, mucronate or occasionally short hair-pointed; one or both margins recurved

weakly recurved proximally, plane distally; apex broadly rounded to acute, cucullate, not hyaline; costa not reaching apex to rarely percurrent, apiculus typically

margins entire, undulate-denticulate distally, differentiated at base, apex cucullate to nearly open; costa subpercurrent, filaments of 2–5 cells, cells subspheric

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stem-leaves with apex often cucullate; medial laminal cells 40–88 µm. Habitat: Mineral-poor to -rich, nutrient-poor

irregularly recurved proximally; apex plane or with erect margins but not cucullate. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Seta 1 (–4) per perichaetium

very short basal membrane, densely spiculose throughout. Calyptra long-cucullate. Spores rounded to obscurely tetrahedral, 15–30 µm, coarsely and sparsely

base and strongly papillose in the upper 1/3; deep red. Calyptra narrow, cucullate, rough in the apex, entire at the base, naked, covering the distal 1/2

long-rostrate, peristome perforate in distal half, split in distal half. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Cracks and exposed faces of dry to periodically wet, acidic or

operculum long-rostrate, peristome solid, split in distal half. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Dry, exposed to partially shaded, acidic, sandstone, granite

operculum conic, stoutly, bluntly, and obliquely short-rostrate. Calyptra cucullate, 2.5–3 mm, covering to below mid capsule, naked. Spores 24–28 µm, finely

Distal cauline leaf blades divided into linear or filiform lobes; sepals cucullate; fruiting pedicels (4-)6-10(-13) mm. Sisymbrium altissimum 4 Distal cauline

or gradually narrowed to apex; apices acuminate or short-acuminate, not cucullate. Loeskypnum badium 1 Stem leaves straight, ± imbricate, ovate, oblong,

apices rounded, truncate, or obtuse > 92 90 Sepals 5-8.5 mm, median pair cucullate at apex; petals narrowly spatulate to obovate; ovules (8-)12-20(-24) per

Leaves ovate, ovatelanceolate, to oblong-ovate, flat or concave, sometimes cucullate, distal leaves 2–2.5 (–3) mm; margins entire, occasionally uneven from

concave, 0.3–1 (–1.2) mm; base red; margins plane; apex broadly acute, not cucullate, not hyaline distally; costa not reaching apex, apiculus absent; proximal

to lingulate, 3–4 mm; apices broadly acute to obtuse, sometimes weakly cucullate or muticous; margins plane or weakly incurved; costa subpercurrent or percurrent

apex acute; petals spreading, distinct, yellow, elliptic-oblong, slightly cucullate, 2–4 mm, apex mucronate; filaments yellow; anthers yellow; nectar scales

to lingulate, 1–2.8 mm, margins entire, undifferentiated at base, apex cucullate to nearly open; costa subpercurrent to percurrent, filaments of 3–6 cells

peristome taxifolius-type; operculum long rostrate, 0.6–0.9 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 1.5 mm. Spores 13–18 µm. Habitat: Particularly around bases of

concave, 0.3–1 (–1.2) mm; base red; margins plane; apex broadly acute, not cucullate, not hyaline distally; costa not reaching apex, apiculus absent; proximal

bilaterally symmetric, to 2.5 mm; operculum about as long as theca. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 1.5–1.55 mm. Spores 9–11 µm. Habitat: Calcareous soil, and limestone

1 Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, tubulose but not concave or cucullate, apex acute, margins dentate distally, costa percurrent. Hennediella heimii

uniformly twisted on the stem (funaliform), erect proximally; leaf apices cucullate, acute, to narrowly acuminate, mucro of 5–7 cells; in cross-section with

to squarrose, ovate and abruptly involute in distal portion, appearing cucullate with toothed apex, usually no more than 6 teeth; hyaline cells with 5 or

olive green, strongly concave; apices rounded-obtuse to broadly acute, cucullate; costae percurrent; distal laminal cell walls strongly incrassate, oblique

peristome pale, divided to 0.3, the teeth 64, slender and tapering. Calyptra cucullate, hispid at the tip, with few hairs. Spores 9–13 µm, finely papillose. Habitat:

matures, green usually with pink or red, rarely white, margins, oblong, ± cucullate, outer tepals not pouched at base; veins branched, moderately to strongly

peristome none; columella broadly flaring, extending to capsule rim. Calyptra cucullate. Habitat: Soil banks or soil over rock, exposed tree roots Elevation: usually

secondary bracteoles 0.6–0.9 × 0.3–0.5 mm. Flowers: sepals green to purple, cucullate, shallowly triangular, (0.6–) 0.8–1.3 (–1.5) × 0.5–1.2 mm; petals to 0

sepals cream, deltate, 0.2–0.5 × 0.1–0.4 mm; petals ± persistent, cream, ± cucullate, elliptic, 0.1–0.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm; pistils 1.1–2.2 mm, stigmas cream to ±

overlapping, green with white or sometimes pink margins, oblong, apex cucullate, outer tepals pouched at base; veins branched, moderately to strongly thickened;

tepals often not overlapping, green with pink or red margins, oblong, ± cucullate, outer tepals not pouched at base; veins branched, moderately to strongly

filiform divisions, loosely twisted counterclockwise in 1 turn. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spherical, moderately papillose, 10–13 µm.] KOH reaction pale lemon-yellow

symmetric, to 0.8 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum to 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 20–29 µm. Habitat: Typically on limestone and limestone

symmetric, to 1 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.8 mm. Spores 10–16 µm. Habitat: Moist shaded soil, over rocks

arcuate-incurved and falcate-secund when wet or dry; costa percurrent, the apex cucullate with a sharp point, smooth abaxially or slightly roughened; lamina strongly

linear to oblong or elliptic, (3–) 4–8 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (orange or yellow, rarely fading purplish, claw often orange)

to elliptic, (3–) 4–5 (–6) mm, (median pair often thickened apically, cucullate); petals spatulate, 5–6 (–7) mm, (blade gradually narrowed to claw). Fruits

recurved at mid leaf, minutely crenulate, apex rounded-acute, often weakly cucullate; costa ending (2–) 4–6 cells below the apex, not strongly spurred, little

symmetric, to 1.5 mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum to 1.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 2.5 mm. Spores 13–22 µm. Habitat: Seepage areas, along streams

symmetric, about 1 mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum 1 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.6 mm. Spores 14–18 µm. Habitat: Usually on bare or disturbed

symmetric, to 0.7 mm; operculum 0.4–0.6 mm; peristome scariosus-type. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 11–14 µm. Habitat: Bare, damp soil of shaded banks

symmetric, 0.2–0.8 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 10–16 µm. Habitat: Rocks and limestone along streams

0.35–1.25 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.25–0.3 µm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.5 mm. Spores 11–18 µm. Habitat: Bare, shaded soil, often among

8 (–5.3) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals obovate to spatulate, 4.5–7.5 mm, (blade narrowed to broad claw

concolorous; margins recurved proximally, plane distally; apex acute, not cucullate, hyaline in distal 1/2 of leaf; costa long-excurrent, awn slender, hyaline

symmetric, to 1.8 mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum 1–1.4 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 1.8 mm. Spores 13–20 µm. Habitat: Soil and humus, bases of trees

symmetric, to 0.8 mm; peristome scariosus-type; operculum to 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 0.6 mm. Spores 9–13 µm. Habitat: Sandy and clayey soils along

symmetric, to 1 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 0.6 mm. Spores 14–23 µm. Habitat: Soil in arid areas, where plants

base, distinct, deep yellow, elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly cucullate, 6.7–8.8 mm, apex obtuse or, rarely, acute with minute mucronate appendage;

spreading when moist, oblong-ovate, concave and distinctly channeled, the apex cucullate, usually minutely apiculate; margins entire or denticulate near apex; costa

serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex rounded-obtuse to broadly acute, cucullate; costa redbrown to brown, percurrent, awn absent; basal laminal cells somewhat

papillose distally, smooth proximally; operculum 0.22–0.3 mm. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, to 0.45 mm. Spores 20–26 µm. Habitat: Bare, disturbed soil of

3-veined; upper glumes 3-4 mm, 3-5-veined; lemmas 3.5-4.5 mm, more or less cucullate, puberulent with capitate hairs, strongly keeled, keels sometimes scabridulous

spreading when moist, rounded concave in lamellate portion, becoming abruptly cucullate approaching the obtuse apex; margins irregularly dentate with projecting

at tips, striate proximally, papillose at tips, about 290 µm. Calyptra cucullate, entire at base. Spores yellowish green, 11–13 µm. Habitat: Rotten logs

tube; lobes ovate or orbicular-obovate, 1–1.4 mm, apex obtuse or rounded, cucullate, carinate, sparsely farinose, largely covering fruit at maturity; stamens

to elliptic, (3–) 4–5 (–6) mm, (median pair often thickened apically, cucullate); petals obovate, (6–) 7–10 mm (nearly as wide, abruptly narrowed to claw

(somewhat rigid). Flowers: sepals elliptic, 3.7–7.2 mm, (lateral pair somewhat cucullate, median pair thickened apically); petals (yellow to orange-yellow), obovate

sepals ovate or elliptic, 5.5–10 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (bright-yellow), obovate to elliptic, 8–14 mm, (sometimes with

acuminate. Seta smooth. Capsule red, not contracted below mouth. Calyptra cucullate, covering 1/2 capsule. Habitat: Humus on ground or logs along creeks and

ca. 6 mm, (lateral pair not saccate or subsaccate, cucullate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals spatulate, ca. 9 mm, (claw expanded at base)

(3.8–) 4.5–5.5 mm, (lateral pair cucullate, very convex, median pair tapering to base, thickened apically, cucullate, often slightly keeled); petals cuneate

petiolate, pinnately divided, broadly auriculate proximalmost leaves, non-cucullate median sepals, apiculate anthers, and non-connivent stigma lobes. By contrast

inrolled or occasionally sharply incurved, apex channeled or somewhat cucullate, acute to broadly acute, mucro sometimes weak but usually strong, of (1–)

medial laminal cells are thick-walled and often porose. The calyptra is cucullate, or split on one side but gripping the seta below the capsule, and is naked

5–7.5 (–9) mm, (lateral pair sometimes cucullate, median pair tapering at both ends, thickened apically, cucullate); petals spatulate or oblong, 6.5–10.5

in acumen linear; costa percurrent, indistinctly defined, filling the cucullate acumen; transverse-section of costa at mid leaf showing a row of central

monomorphic, ovate to ovatelanceolate, grooved adaxially along the costa, often cucullate near leaf apex, 0.7–1 mm, base scarcely differentiated to ovate in shape

symmetic, 0.2–1.2 mm; peristome bryoides-type; operculum 0.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate smooth, to 0.5 mm. Spores 10–20 µm. Habitat: Soil in moist, shaded sites

mm, (lateral pair not saccate, median pair often thickened apically, ± cucullate); petals (usually orange or orange-yellow at junction of blade and claw

annulus present, operculum cells in straight rows; eperistomate. Calyptra cucullate or rarely mitrate. Phenology: Spores mature spring. Habitat: Soil (volcanic

cleistocarpous, immersed to emergent, short-ovoid; eperistomate. Calyptra cucullate or rarely mitrate. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat: Grassy areas

peristome present, fragile and often adherent to the operculum. Calyptra cucullate. Phenology: Capsules mature late winter, spring. Habitat: Soil, rock faces

oblong to elliptic, 3.5–7 mm, (median pair usually thickened apically, cucullate); petals lingulate to spatulate, 4–7 mm. Fruits (erect), ovate to suborbicular

finely serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex acute to acuminate, not cucullate; costa brown, sometimes red proximally, short-excurrent, awn slender, sometimes

margins strongly and sharply incurved or inrolled, apex usually somewhat cucullate, acute or narrowly obtuse, mucro usually weak, of 1–3 cells; costa adaxial

twisted and incurved when dry; majority of leaf apices obtuse, strongly cucullate, mucro of 1–3 cells; with cross-section with adaxial and abaxial superficial

bordered; apex rounded or rounded-acute, plane to weakly concave, keeled or cucullate; basal-cells evenly differentiated across leaf base or as a U, only weakly

erect, entire, not bordered; apex blunt or rounded-acute, seldom acute, cucullate; basal-cells differentiated across leaf base as a U, commonly running up

mucronate apiculus; in shorter leaves naviculate to nearly cucullate, distinctly cucullate in the awl-shaped youngest leaves arising from the stem apex;

hyaline tip. Campylopus atrovirens var. atrovirens 1 Leaves ending in a cucullate apex. Campylopus atrovirens var. cucullatifolius

with thin shoots and almost elliptical, non-falcate, spoon-shaped, and cucullate leaves that have a short and strait awn or are muticous. None. None. "broad"

revolute proximally, entire, limbidium absent; apex rounded to acute, not cucullate; costa brown to yellowbrown, not reaching apex or percurrent, awn absent;

5–6 (–7.5) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (yellow to orange), suborbicular or obovate, (5–) 6.5–8 (–11)

elliptic to oblong, 3–5.5 mm, (median pair slightly thickened apically, cucullate); petals (sometimes drying slightly purplish), suborbicular or broadly

Flowers: sepals elliptic, 3–7 mm, (median pair slightly thickened apically, cucullate); petals (white), broadly ovate, to 12 mm, (narrowing gradually to short

linear or elliptic, 4.3–6 (–7.5) mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (frequently pink or magenta in distal 1/3–1/2), spatulate to oblanceolate

sepals elliptic or ovate, 2.5–5.5 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (yellow to orange-yellow), obovate to cuneate, 4–7 mm, (apex sometimes

elliptic to oblong, 3.5–4.0 mm, (median pair somewhat thickened apically, cucullate); petals lingulate, 5–6 mm. Fruits globose or ellipsoid, slightly inflated

oblong to elliptic, 3–4 mm, (median pair usually thickened apically, cucullate); petals (sometimes with slight tinge of orange basally), lingulate, 4–6

white or sometimes pink margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, cucullate; midveins usually unbranched; stamens 7–8. Achenes enclosed in perianth

short-pedunculate, ± to 8 cm excluding peduncle; floral bracts foliaceous, ovate, cucullate, to 2.5 × 1.5 cm, fleshy. Flowers: sepals and petals spreading, green,

when dried, with pink or white margins, petaloid or sepaloid, elliptic, cucullate, navicular, apex rounded; midveins usually unbranched, rarely branched;

elliptic, 3.5–4 mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals broadly obovate, 4–5 mm, (sometimes with short, broad claw). Fruits

entire to finely serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex acute, not cucullate; costa reddish, percurrent to short-excurrent, awn stout; basal laminal

entire to finely serrulate, limbidium present; apex acute to acuminate, not cucullate; costa green, short to moderately long-excurrent, awn slender; basal row

sepals elliptic or obovate, 2.6–4.1 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (bright-yellow), obovate, 3.5–6.5 (–7.5) mm, (margins sinuate)

tepals overlapping, uniformly white, petaloid, oblong to widely obovate, cucullate, navicular in distal 1/4, apex rounded; midveins branched; stamens 8. Achenes

tepals overlapping, uniformly pink or white, petaloid, oblong-obovate, cucullate, navicular in distal 1/4, apex rounded; midveins branched; stamens 8. Achenes

narrowly elliptic or oblong, 4.5–5.3 mm, (tapering to the somewhat thickened, cucullate apex, lateral pair subsaccate); petals (bright-yellow), lingulate or broadly

to broadly elliptic, 4–7 (–8) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair cucullate); petals oblanceolate or obovate, (5–) 6.5–9.5 (–11) mm, (claw undifferentiated

oblong to elliptic, 4–5 mm, (median pair usually thickened apically, cucullate); petals (bright-yellow), lingulate, 6–8 mm. Fruits lanceolate, compressed

lanceolate, or elliptic, 3.5–6.5 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals oblanceolate, 5.5–9 (–10) mm. Fruits globose or subglobose, not

mm, (lateral pair boatshaped, saccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (yellow to orange, sometimes fading purplish), narrowly spatulate

broadly elliptic or oblong, 4–7.5 (–9) mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals cuneate or obovate, 7–10 (–16) mm, (tapering gradually to broad

ovate, oblong, or elliptic 4–7.5 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals spatulate or broadly cuneate, 6–13 mm, (claw slightly expanded

(4–) 6–10 (–13) mm. Flowers: sepals ascending or spreading, oblong, (cucullate), 4–6 × 1–2 mm; petals spatulate, (5–) 6–8 (–10) × 2.5–4 mm, claw 3.5–6

bordered; apex rounded or rounded-acute, plane to weakly concave, keeled or cucullate; basal-cells evenly differentiated across leaf base or as a U, only weakly

2 (–6.5) mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals obovate or deltate, 5–10 mm, (sometimes with short claw, margins

involute or rolled, apex broadly channeled, acute to rounded, rarely weakly cucullate, mucro usually weak, of 1–3 cells; costal adaxial stereid band smaller

serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex rounded to broadly acute, not cucullate; costa reddish, not reaching apex or rarely percurrent, awn absent; basal

oblong to elliptic, 4–5 mm, (median pair usually thickened apically, cucullate); petals lingulate, 6–9 mm. Fruits lanceolate in outline, compressed (latiseptate)

narrowly elliptic or oblong, ca. 4.5 mm, (median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals narrowly spatulate, 7–8 mm. Fruits (erect, substipitate), globose

elliptic to ovate, 3.5–6 (–7) mm, (median pair usually thickened apically, cucullate); petals (white, often purple-veined, fading purplish), suborbicular to

Lateral sepals not saccate, median sepals not cucullate. Caulanthus 48 Lateral sepals saccate, median sepals cucullate. Hesperidanthus 49 Gynophores (0.5-)1.5-28

oblong, 3–6.5 mm, (lateral pair subsaccate, median pair thickened apically, cucullate); petals (widely spreading at anthesis, yellow to orange, claw sometimes

apex, minutely crenulate, apex acute to narrowly acuminate, often weakly cucullate; costa percurrent or ending 2–4 cells below the apex, little tapering,

apex but sometimes plane, entire, apex obtuse to rounded, often strongly cucullate, not fragile; costa percurrent or ending a 2–6 cells below the apex, slightly

erect branches bearing terminal sporophytes. This habit, combined with the cucullate calyptrae, the smooth, ovate capsules with 16 truncate exostome teeth,

of the basionym. However, its dimorphic leaves, arranged in 4 rows, and cucullate calyptra will distinguish it from Erpodium domingense, which has more or

Columbia. The calyptra was described by A. J. Grout (1928–1934, vol. 3) as cucullate, with few hairs. Nogopterium gracile may be confused with Antitrichia californica;

shorter, tending to be quadrate to short-rectangular, and the leaf apex is cucullate. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"subgenus","name":"Grimmia

plicate leaves of G. caespiticia. Furthermore, G. alpestris leaves are never cucullate, while those of G. caespiticia usually are. Grimmia alpestris is best separated

appearance under the dissecting microscope. It differs by the somewhat cucullate, acute leaf apex, the costa percurrent (not excurrent as a short awn, smaller

apices of the vegetative leaves are often rounded and sometimes almost cucullate. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Calymperes"

high elevations form deeper cushions. When plants are sterile, the subtly cucullate leaves provide a clue to their identity; they are similar to those of P

size. Although the leaf apices of var. gallinula are ovate and somewhat cucullate, lacking an apiculus, certain undoubted var. convoluta specimens match

broadly ovate-lanceolate, hyaline at the apex, strongly obtusely keeled and cucullate distally; awns non-decurrent. Niphotrichum canescens subsp. canescens 1

flat at mid leaf, somewhat concave and weakly keeled near the apex, not cucullate; 1.5–3.5 (–4) mm; base subclasping and often appearing narrower than the

those of nonmodified leaves shallowly channeled to subnaviculate, not cucullate, those of modified leaves long-subulate, fragile, the subula obtusely thickened

and characterized by strongly decurrent leaves that are often slightly cucullate apically. The older lower leaves generally have a pink to reddish tinge

are carinate and can be similar to those of P. obtusifolia, but are not cucullate, and the plants are dioicous. None. None. "keeled" is not a number."narrow"

characteristic of terrestrial species. The calyptra of F. ventricosus is cucullate according to Ireland and Schofield. None. None. "/2" is not declared as

Brachelyma subulatum differs from Fontinalis by its costate leaves and cucullate calyptrae. Usually the presence of costae is enough to identify B. subulatum

navicularis (Mitten) R. H. Zander] on the basis of ligulate leaves with cucullate apices and strongly involute margins, subpercurrent costa, and well-developed

obtuse; costae ending before apex. > 19 19 Leaf apices cucullate. Globulinella 19 Leaf apices not cucullate. > 20 20 Propagula large, multicellular, in leaf

stoloniferum that resembles I. alopecuroides, but the leaves are not cucullate and the apex is acute and strongly toothed. This morphotype appears to

woven patches; the leaves may be crowded or very distant, with regularly cucullate apices. None. None. "narrower" is not a number.window.propertiesFromHi

about 1 mm long,” and Iwatsuki and Suzuki reported that the calyptra is “cucullate, about 1.6 mm long, smooth.” None. None. "/2" is not declared as a valid

nothing more than a variation of L. albidum. They do not have the distinct cucullate, hyaline-apiculate leaf tips characteristic of L. incurvifolium (Peterson

usually has a chestnut red costa; the latter species is distinguished by its cucullate leaf apex and plane margins. The former is also immediately distinguishable

individual cells. The leaves never have incurved margins nor are they apically cucullate as in T. inclinata or in the younger leaves of T. rigens. Throughout the

flavovirens, being pale yellow with the same cell size, and appearing to have a cucullate apex with the marginal basal cells somewhat extending up the leaf: these