on page 20, 76, 77, 78, 89, 95, 104, 108. Shrubs or subshrubs, 1–50 (–100) dm; rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Stems 1–20, erect to spreading, arching, climbing
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to persistent basal rosettes, (0.5–) 2–7 (–10) dm, lengths (1.5–) 2–4 times basal leaves. Leaves: basal sometimes 2-ranked; cauline (0–) 1–4 (–5); primary
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Treatment on page 206. Mentioned on page 58, 67, 200, 201, 207. Perennials, 2–20 (–30+) dm (rhizomatous or not). Leaves usually mostly cauline (rarely mostly basal
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Involucres 1 per node, turbinate, (1–) 1.5–3.5 × 1–2 (–2.5) mm; teeth 5, erect, 0.3–1 mm. Flowers (1.5–) 2–3.5 mm; perianth white to cream, pink, or pale-yellow
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coarse, stout, branching or not, strongly flexuous, 3–10 dm. Leaves: basal withering, 1–2 dm; blade linear. Inflorescences subumbellate, 1–6-flowered;
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node; petiole 0.2–2 (–4) cm, tomentose to floccose; blade linear, oblanceolate, or spatulate to elliptic, (0.2–) 1–10 (–12) × 0.1–0.9 (–1.2) cm, densely tomentose
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obconic, densely pubescent, sometimes glabrous; sepals narrowly triangular, 1/2–2/3 petal length, margins entire or slightly glandular-serrate, apex usually
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aromatic; taproot slender or stout, not fusiform or fleshy. Stems (0.1–) 0.2–2.5 (–3) dm. Basal leaves planar or loosely to tightly cylindric; stipules present;
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persistent basal rosettes, 0.1–2 (–3) dm, lengths 1–3 (–4) times basal leaves. Leaves: basal sometimes 2-ranked; cauline 0–2 (–3); primary leaves ternate
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base of ovary or absent; stamens (2–) 4–6 (–12), usually 6 or 12, in 1 or 2 whorls, complementing style lengths; ovary 2-locular; placenta elongate; style
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aromatic; taproot stout to fusiform and fleshy. Stems (0.3–) 1–4.5 (–5.5) dm. Basal leaves loosely to tightly cylindric (± mousetail-like in I. argyrocoma
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distally), margins crenate, dentate, or sinuate (not pinnatifid). Racemes 1–2 dm, (congested); rachis straight. Fruiting pedicels 1.8–8 mm. Flowers: sepals
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unbranched and smooth, knobby, notched, or antrorsely or retrorsely barbed, (2) dendritic, and/or (3) stinging. Leaves alternate [opposite], simple; stipules
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occasionally papillose, mostly glabrous adaxially; tepals connate proximally 1/4–1/2 their length, monomorphic or dimorphic; stamens included or exserted; filaments
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sulcatum "/2" is not declared as a valid unit of measurement for this property."dm" is not declared as a valid unit of measurement for this property."dm" is not
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Lepidium thurberi, Lepidium tiehmii, Lepidium virginicum Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 643. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 291. 1754. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin
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included; anthers without awns, tubules 2-4 mm, with terminal pores. Berries pseudo 10-locular. Seeds (4-) 10-25 (-40). 2n = 24, 48, 72. North America Species
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ascending, comprising distal 1/2–2/3 of inflorescence, shorter than 10 cm. Flowers 2–12 per cluster, erect, urceolate, 2.3–4.3 cm; perianth yellow, tube
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persistent basal rosettes, (0.3–) 0.5–5 (–7) dm, lengths 1–3 (–5) times basal leaves. Leaves: basal rarely ± 2-ranked; cauline (0–) 1–3 (–4); primary leaves
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or herbs, rarely scapose, (1–) 1.5–10 × 1–15 (–18) dm or, if matted, 0.1–2.5 (–3) × 0.5–3 (–5) dm,, lanate to thinly tomentose, or glabrous, grayish to
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(4–) 8–20 dm, glabrous or finely pubescent; branches, when present, 0.5–1 dm; bracts erect, linear, proximal 10–20 × 1–2 cm, distal 3–8 × 1–2 cm; peduncle
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longibracteata), ± aromatic; taproot stout to fusiform and fleshy. Stems (0.2–) 0.3–2 (–4) dm. Basal leaves usually loosely to very tightly cylindric (mousetail-like
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from large, fleshy roots. Stems 1-several, 10-15 dm or more. Leaves ca. 5, compound, to 10 dm; blade with 2-4 orders of leaflets and lobes; ultimate lobes
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with flowers disposed in 1s, 2s or 3s on long scapes or peduncles; bracts present; buds nodding [erect]. Flowers: sepals 2 (-3), distinct; petals 4 (-6);
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levels noted for each taxon in the treatment below (2n = 2x indicates diploidy, 3n = 3x triploidy, and 2n = 4x tetraploidy) were determined by flow cytometry
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sessile, subsessile, or stipitate (stipe 0.5–5 mm), cuneate-orbicular, (2.5–) 4–11.2 × 2–8.8 (–14) mm, margin foliaceous below apex, subentire or dentate to
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clustered or closely spaced, 1–20 dm. Petiole straw-colored, green, brownish red to purple black, longitudinally ridged, 2–3-grooved adaxially, scaly at base
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equal to or 2 times number of petals, usually in 2 whorls of unequal length, sometimes 1 whorl; anthers versatile [or basifixed], introrse, 2-locular, longitudinally
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[shrubs], annual or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, not viviparous, 0.1–5 dm, glabrous [pubescent]. Stems erect, decumbent, or spreading, simple or branching
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in a monochasium with 2), styles basal, stigmas capitate, ± exserted from hypanthia; ovules 1 (–2). Fruits achenes, 1, ovoid, 2–2.5 mm, smooth; hypanthium
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Involucres 1.5–2 mm, awns ivory or reddish, 2–5 mm. Flowers: perianth 2–2.5 mm; filaments 2–2.5 mm; anthers 0.3–0.6 mm. Achenes 1.7–2 mm. Generated Map
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very short. Leaves: blade ± ovate, 1.2–6 cm, ± thin, lobes (0 or) 1–4 per side, sinuses shallow or deep, veins 2–8 per side, to lobes and sinuses, sometimes
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Mentioned on page 516. Shrubs, erect, to 4 dm, rhizomatous or not, (twigs sharply angled to terete, buds covered by 2 partially fused prophylls). Leaves deciduous
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Stems ± slender, usually not branching, often scapelike, 0.5–2 dm. Leaves: basal persistent, 1–2 dm; blade linear, flat, glabrous adaxially. Inflorescences
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succulenta Man. Cult. Trees ed. 2, 368. 1940. James B. Phipps Endemic Basionym: Crataegus sect. Macracanthae Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 819. 1838 Treatment appears
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clawed; stamens (8–) 10–20 (–23) in 1 or 2 series, shorter than petals; carpels 1–5, distinct, adnate to proximal 1/2 of hypanthium, glabrous or strigose to
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erect, 0.5–5 dm. Basal leaves planar to ± cylindric; stipules entire, forked, or pinnately divided into linear to filiform lobes; leaflets 2–20 per side
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usually not branching but sometimes twisted, 1–2 (–5) dm. Leaves: blade linear-attenuate; basal withering, 1–2 dm; blade channeled, glaucous. Inflorescences
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styles 3, 1–2.5 mm, deeply 2-fid, terminal segments 6. Capsules 3.5–6 × 4–5 mm, smooth; columella 3-angled. Seeds 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, shiny. 2n = 16. Generated
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margins slightly to strongly revolute, distal 2/3 to whole length evenly incised 1/2–3/4+ to midvein, teeth 2–8 per side, surfaces ± to strongly dissimilar
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rosettes, 0.2–2 (–3) dm, lengths 1–3 (–5) times basal leaves. Leaves: basal not in ranks; cauline 0–2; primary leaves ternate or palmate, (1–) 2–10 (–18)
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familyPhytolaccaceae genusGisekia speciesGisekia pharnacioides Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 2: 562. 1771. Mark A. Nienaber, John W. Thieret Common names: Oldmaid Treatment
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inflorescence leaf-blades 1.5–6.5 cm. Scape 2.5–6 dm. Inflorescences racemose, sometimes branched, 6.5–9 dm × 0.7–2.8 (–20) cm; bracts caducous, 1.5–3.5 mm
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hundreds of flowers, 1-2 dm. Flowers fragrant, pedicellate; perianth segments imbricate, weakly 2-4-seriate. Berries 6-9 mm. Seeds mostly 2.2n = 20. Phenology:
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units 1–2-flowered; spathes divergent, exposing floral-tube, green, lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm, apex acuminate. Flowers: floral-tube pale violet, filiform, 2.5–6
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persistent basal rosettes, 0.2–1.5 (–2.7) dm, lengths 1/2–3 (–4) times basal leaves. Leaves: basal not in ranks; cauline 0–2; primary leaves palmate to subpalmate
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simple, 1–10.5 dm, farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole 0.2–9 cm; blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate, rhombic, ovate, or triangular, 1.2–12 (–15) × 0
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Leaves: petiole to 2 m or more. Leaf-blade to 6 dm or more. Flowers: tepals pale-yellow, 1-13 cm, outermost 1-5 normally persistent; anthers 1-2 cm. Fruits somewhat
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Rhodiola integrifolia, Rhodiola rhodantha, Rhodiola rosea Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 1035. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 457. 1754 ,. Reid V. Moran Common names: Roseroot
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page 19, 120, 131, 132, 272, 301, 304. Herbs, perennial, acaulescent, 0.2–2.8 dm; short-rhizomatous, stoloniferous. Stems 1–10 (crowns), procumbent, sympodially
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