Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

(C. C. Gmelin) Palla

Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38(Sitzungsber.): 49. 1888.

Common names: Soft-stem bulrush great bulrush scirpe des étangs
Illustrated
Basionym: Scirpus tabernaemontani C. C. Gmelin Fl. Bad. 1: 101. 1805
Synonyms: Scirpus lacustris subsp. glaucus (Smith) Hartman Scirpus lacustris subsp. validus (Vahl) T. Koyama Scirpus lacustris var. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmelin) Döll Scirpus validus Scirpus validus var. creber Fernald
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 47. Mentioned on page 45, 48, 50.

Rhizomes 3–10 mm diam. Culms cylindric, 0.5–3 m × 2–10 mm. Leaves 3–4, basal; sheath fronts membranous-translucent, often pinnate-fibrillose; blades 1–2, C-shaped to dorsiventrally flat in cross-section, usually much shorter than sheath, distal blade 2–200 × 1–4 mm, margins often scabridulous. Inflorescences 2–4 times branched, branches to 15 (–25) cm; proximal bract usually erect, thickly C-shaped to subterete, 1–8 cm, margins sometimes scabridulous. Spikelets 15–200, solitary or in clusters of 2–4 (–7), commonly all solitary, 3–17 × 2.5–4 mm; scales uniformly dark to pale orangebrown, sometimes straw-colored, sometimes prominently lineolate-spotted, midrib often pale or green, ovate, 2–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, sparsely (rarely densely) reddish or straw-colored, scabrous on awn and distal parts of midrib and sometimes flanks, margins ciliate, hairs contorted; flanks veinless, apex obtuse to rounded, notch 0.2–0.3 mm deep, awn straight or bent, 0.2–0.8 mm. Flowers: perianth bristles 6, brown, ± equaling achene, densely retrorsely spinulose; anthers 2 mm; styles 2-fid, sometimes 3-fid near spikelet apex. Achenes dark graybrown when ripe, planoconvex, obovoid, 1.5–2.8 × 1.2–1.7 mm; beak 0.2–0.4 mm. 2n = 42.


Phenology: Fruiting late spring–summer, spring–winter (south).
Habitat: Fresh to brackish marshes, fens, bogs, lakes, stream banks and bars, pioneering in disturbed places, often emergent in water to 1 m
Elevation: 0–2400 m

Distribution

V23 64-distribution-map.jpg

Alta., B.C., Man., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo., Mexico, West Indies, Central America, s South America, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand

Discussion

Two yellow-striped forms of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani are grown as ornamentals.

Schoenoplectus validus, described from the Caribbean, and S. tabernaemontani, described from Europe, are here treated as one variable, cosmopolitan species without infraspecific taxa, pending further studies (J. Browning et al. 1995b; S. G. Smith 1995). Most North American plants have spikelets with reddish papillae or prickles on the scales, whereas some plants of coastal and boreal North America closely resemble most plants of northwestern Europe and southern Africa in their densely reddish prickly-papillose scales and are similar to the type of Scirpus glaucus J. E. Smith.

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, S. acutus, S. heterochaetus, S. lacustris, and S. triqueter belong to the very difficult S. lacustris complex. The entire complex except S. triqueter was treated as the single species Scirpus lacustris (T. Koyama 1962b). Many Old World authors treat Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani as S. lacustris var. tabernaemontani or subsp. glaucus.

Much of the local infraspecific variation in the Schoenoplectus lacustris complex is probably because of hybridization. Some studies support the recognition of separate species in this group (J. Browning et al. 1995b). Hybrids in North America include S. acutus × S. tabernaemontani, widespread and common, especially in the east; S. acutus × S. heterochaetus = S. ×oblongus (T. Koyama) Soják, widespread but uncommon; S. heterochaetus × S. tabernaemontani = S. ×steinmetzii (Fernald) S. G. Smith, eastern and most uncommon; S. tabernaemontani × S. triqueter = S. ×kuekenthalianus (Junge) Kent, lower Columbia River in Oregon and probably Washington; and S. acutus var. occidentalis × S. californicus, local in California. Except for its trigonous culms, S. triqueter is very similar to the S. lacustris complex and freely hybridizes with S. tabernaemontani, both in North America and Europe.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.

"shortened" is not a number.

0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.28 cm2.8 mm <br />0.0028 m <br />) +
with transverse wavy ridges +  and rugose +
obovoid;planoconvex +
1.2mm;1.7mm +
2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br /> (?) +
obtuse;rounded +
S. Galen Smith +
(C. C. Gmelin) Palla +
straight +
0.02 cm0.2 mm <br />2.0e-4 m <br /> (0.08 cm0.8 mm <br />8.0e-4 m <br />) +
deciduous +
enlarged +
Scirpus tabernaemontani +
0.02 cm0.2 mm <br />2.0e-4 m <br /> (0.04 cm0.4 mm <br />4.0e-4 m <br />) +
usually much shorter +
rudimentary +
1 +  and 2 +
c-shaped +  and dorsiventrally flat +
glumaceous +  and foliaceous +
2-ranked +  and arranged +
ascending +  and appressed +
parallel +  and divergent +
terete +, rolled +  and plicate +
Soft-stem bulrush +, great bulrush +  and scirpe des étangs +
dorsiventrally flat +  and c-shaped or laterally compressed +
2mm +  and 10mm +
50 cm500 mm <br />0.5 m <br /> (300 cm3,000 mm <br />3 m <br />) +
cylindric +
2mm;10mm +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (20 cm200 mm <br />0.2 m <br />) +
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br />) +
Alta. +, B.C. +, Man. +, Nfld. and Labr. +, N.W.T. +, N.S. +, Ont. +, P.E.I. +, Que. +, Sask. +, Yukon +, Ala. +, Alaska +, Ariz. +, Ark. +, Calif. +, Colo. +, Conn. +, Del. +, D.C. +, Fla. +, Ga. +, Idaho +, Ill. +, Ind. +, Iowa +, Kans. +, Ky. +, La. +, Maine +, Md. +, Mass. +, Mich. +, Minn. +, Miss. +, Mo. +, Mont. +, Nebr. +, Nev. +, N.H. +, N.J. +, N.Mex. +, N.Y. +, N.C. +, N.Dak. +, Ohio +, Okla. +, Oreg. +, Pa. +, R.I. +, S.C. +, S.Dak. +, Tenn. +, Tex. +, Utah +, Vt. +, Va. +, Wash. +, W.Va. +, Wis. +, Wyo. +, Mexico +, West Indies +, Central America +, s South America +, Eurasia +, Africa +, Pacific Islands +, Australia +  and New Zealand +
0–2400 m +
hypogynous +  and subtending +
biconvex +  and trigonous +
Fresh to brackish marshes, fens, bogs, lakes, stream banks and bars, pioneering in disturbed places, often emergent in water to 1 m +
2-4 times branched branches +
multi-ranked +, 2-ranked +, 3-ranked +  and alternate +
cauline +  and basal +
membranous +
scabridulous +
straw-colored +, reddish +, green +  and pale +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.35 cm3.5 mm <br />0.0035 m <br />) +
1.5mm;2mm +
curved +  and straight +
with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles and/or scales +
Fruiting late spring–summer, spring–winter (south). +
2-3(-4)-carpellate +
3 (?) +  and 1 (?) +
thickly c-shaped;subterete +
1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br /> (8 cm80 mm <br />0.08 m <br />) +
Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
adventitious +
lineolate-spotted +, straw-colored +, uniformly dark +  and pale orangebrown +
deciduous +
basal +  and proximal +
2-keeled +
straplike +  and spinulose +
pinnate-fibrillose +
W1 +  and Illustrated +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (1.7 cm17 mm <br />0.017 m <br />) +
15 +  and 200 +
2.5mm;4mm +
septate +, hollow +  and solid +
compressed +, terete +  and trigonous +
papillate +
3-fid +  and 2-fid +
Scirpus lacustris subsp. glaucus +, Scirpus lacustris subsp. validus +, Scirpus lacustris var. tabernaemontani +, Scirpus validus +  and Scirpus validus var. creber +
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani +
Schoenoplectus sect. Schoenoplectus +
species +
not +  and rhizomatous +