Populus trichocarpa

Torrey & A. Gray

Icon. Pl. 9: plate 878. 1852.

Common names: Black cottonwood baumier de l’ouest
Illustrated
Synonyms: Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Brayshaw Populus trichocarpa var. ingrata (Jepson) Parish
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 13. Mentioned on page 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Plants to 75 m, 26 dm diam.; moderately heterophyllous. Bark grayish brown, deeply furrowed. Branchlets reddish-brown, becoming gray by third year, round, 1.5–3 (–7) mm diam., coarse, usually densely hairy. Winter buds red, sparsely hairy or glabrous, resinous (resin red, abundant, very fragrant); terminal buds 8–15 (–20) mm; flowering buds clustered distally on branchlets, 18–20 mm. Leaves: petiole cylindrical or distally slightly flattened in plane of blade (often markedly swollen distally), 1–5 (–9.5) cm, 1/2 blade length, (glabrous or sparsely pubescent); blade usually triangular-ovate or narrowly ovate to cordate, (3–) 5–9 (–15) × (1–) 2.5–6 (–10) cm, w/l = 1/2–2/3, base rounded to cordate, basilaminar glands 0–2, round, margins not translucent, not ciliate, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surface white to grayish white or greenish white with red resin stains, sparsely pubescent, adaxial dark green, glabrous; preformed blade margins very finely, evenly crenate-serrate throughout, teeth (20–) 35–40 (–50) on each side, sinuses 0.1–0.4 mm deep; neoformed blade margins finely, evenly crenate-serrate throughout, teeth (25–) 40–60 on each side, sinuses 0.2–0.6 mm deep. Catkins densely (10–) 25–50 (–90) -flowered, (4.5–) 7–10 (–17 in fruit) cm; floral bract apex deeply cut, not ciliate. Pedicels 0.5–2.5 (–3 in fruit) mm. Flowers: discs broadly cupshaped, not obviously oblique, entire, 4–6 mm diam.; stamens 30–50 (–60); anthers truncate; ovary 3-carpelled or 4-carpelled, spherical, (hairy); stigmas 2–4, platelike, expanded, spreading. Capsules spherical, (6–) 7–9 mm, densely hairy to glabrate, 3-valved or 4-valved. Seeds (6–) 10–15 (–19) per placenta. 2n = 38.


Phenology: Flowering early spring.
Habitat: Floodplains, lake margins, mesic areas, taluses and other slopes to subalpine tree line
Elevation: 0-2600(-3000) m

Distribution

V7 4-distribution-map.gif

Alta., B.C., Alaska, Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo., Mexico (Baja California)

Discussion

Populus trichocarpa has been mistakenly reported from North Dakota based on specimens of P. ×jackii (P. balsamifera × P. deltoides). It hybridizes with P. balsamifera to form P. ×hastata Dode along the northern Rocky Mountain axis (Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, and Idaho). Hybrids have capsules with 2–4 glabrous or sparsely hairy valves. The extent of hybridization has led to treatment of P. trichocarpa as a subspecies of P. balsamifera (T. C. Brayshaw 1965; L. A. Viereck and J. M. Foote 1970); these two balsam poplars are more closely related to Asian members of sect. Tacamahaca than they are to each other (J. E. Eckenwalder 1996). Mountain ranges of the Intermountain Region (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah) have trees intermediate between P. trichocarpa and P. angustifolia. These hybrids have narrower leaves with shorter petioles and sparsely hairy capsules with 2–3 valves.

In addition to hybridizing with other North American species of sect. Tacamahaca, Populus trichocarpa also hybridizes with both native species of sect. Aigeiros. Populus ×generosa A. Henry (synonym P. ×interamericana van Broekhuizen), a hybrid between P. trichocarpa and P. deltoides, is rare in the far western area of the range for P. deltoides subsp. monilifera, where it overlaps with the more drought-tolerant inland P. trichocarpa (Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming) (J. E. Eckenwalder 1984). This hybrid has also been grown artificially, and such hybrids between coastal P. trichocarpa and P. deltoides subsp. deltoides are becoming increasingly important plantation trees in the Pacific Northwest from northern Oregon to British Columbia, as well as in Europe. They are perhaps the fastest growing of all poplars in volume, with the rapid height growth of P. trichocarpa added to the steady diameter growth of P. deltoides (R. F. Stettler et al. 1988).

Populus ×parryi Sargent, a hybrid between P. trichocarpa and P. fremontii, is commonly found in a wide variety of mesic habitats throughout the region of sympatry between its parents in California and Nevada (and beyond the range of P. trichocarpa in Mohave County, Arizona; J. E. Eckenwalder 1992). It can be found particularly in canyons where its parents are elevationally separated but overlap as permanent streams spill out into lower elevations (Eckenwalder 1984, 1984b). A morphologically and ecologically distinctive race of P. trichocarpa in coastal southern California with heart-shaped leaves may have arisen through this kind of hybridization (Eckenwalder 1984c). This race includes the type of P. trichocarpa from Ventura County.

Populus maximowiczii A. Henry is an Asian balsam poplar that is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, but usually as a plantation tree or parent of plantation hybrids. It is distinguished from P. trichocarpa and P. balsamifera by its elliptic leaves with rugose adaxial surfaces.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.
... more about "Populus trichocarpa"
white +  and grayish white or greenish white +
obtuse +  and acute +
James E. Eckenwalder +
Torrey & A. Gray +
grayish brown +
rounded +  and cordate +
9 cm90 mm <br />0.09 m <br /> (15 cm150 mm <br />0.15 m <br />) +
6 cm60 mm <br />0.06 m <br /> (10 cm100 mm <br />0.1 m <br />) +
5 cm50 mm <br />0.05 m <br /> (9 cm90 mm <br />0.09 m <br />) +
narrowly ovate;cordate +
2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br /> (6 cm60 mm <br />0.06 m <br />) +
deciduous +
0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
resinous +
flowering +
glabrous +  and hairy +
1.8 cm18 mm <br />0.018 m <br /> (2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br />) +
4-valved +  and 3-valved +
0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
densely hairy +  and glabrate +
spherical +
0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br /> (0.9 cm9 mm <br />0.009 m <br />) +
(10-)25-50(-90)-flowered +
4.5 cm45 mm <br />0.045 m <br /> (7 cm70 mm <br />0.07 m <br />) +
7 cm70 mm <br />0.07 m <br /> (10 cm100 mm <br />0.1 m <br />) +
Black cottonwood +  and baumier de l’ouest +
saucer--shaped +
0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br /> (0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br />) +
cup-shaped +
Alta. +, B.C. +, Alaska +, Calif. +, Idaho +, Mont. +, Nev. +, Oreg. +, Utah +, Wash. +, Wyo. +  and Mexico (Baja California) +
0-2600(-3000) m +
pistillate +  and staminate +
bisexual +  and unisexual +
Floodplains, lake margins, mesic areas, taluses and other slopes to subalpine tree line +
unbranched +  and spicate +
terminal +  and axillary +
arranged +  and alternate +
marcescent +
deciduous +
4-carpelled +  and 3-carpelled +
spherical +
0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br /> (0.25 cm2.5 mm <br />0.0025 m <br />) +
5 cm50 mm <br />0.05 m <br /> (9.5 cm95 mm <br />0.095 m <br />) +
flattened;cylindrical +
1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br /> (5 cm50 mm <br />0.05 m <br />) +
Flowering early spring. +
0.02 cm0.2 mm <br />2.0e-4 m <br /> (0.06 cm0.6 mm <br />6.0e-4 m <br />) +
Illustrated +
branched +, sympodial +, monopodial +  and branching +
erect;pendent +
glabrescent;pubescent +
plate-like +
expanded +
distinct +
persistent +  and deciduous +
Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa +  and Populus trichocarpa var. ingrata +
Populus trichocarpa +
species +
1.5 cm15 mm <br />0.015 m <br /> (2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br />) +
0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br /> (1.5 cm15 mm <br />0.015 m <br />) +
26 cm260 mm <br />0.26 m <br /> (?) +