Leavenworthia

Torrey

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 4: 87. 1837.

Etymology: For Melines Conkling Leavenworth, 1796–1862, American physician and botanist who collected in the southeastern United States
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 485. Mentioned on page 224, 229, 239, 243, 486.
 TaxonIllustrator 
FNA7 P60 Cardamine penduliflora.jpegCardamine penduliflora
Iodanthus pinnatifidus
Leavenworthia stylosa
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Barbara Alongi
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey

Annuals (winter); scapose; glabrous. Stems (sometimes absent), decumbent, branched basally and distally. Leaves basal and, sometimes, cauline; petiolate; basal rosulate, blade margins entire or lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline blade (base not auriculate), margins entire or lyrate-pinnatifid, (similar to basal). Inflorescences usually solitary flowers (on long peduncles from basal rosettes), sometimes racemes present in robust plants (corymbose, several-flowered), elongated in fruit. Flowers: sepals spreading or suberect, oblong or oblong-linear, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, lavender, orange, or yellow, obovate to spatulate, obcordate, or oblanceolate, (much longer than sepals), claw differentiated from blade, (much shorter than blade, apex shallowly to deeply emarginate or, rarely, truncate or obtuse); stamens strongly tetradynamous, (erect); filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong, (apex obtuse); nectar glands: lateral annular, median glands present (distinct). Fruits siliques or silicles, sessile or shortly stipitate, linear to oblong or subglobose, torulose or smooth (or submoniliform), latiseptate, subterete, or terete; valves each obscurely veined; replum rounded; septum complete; ovules 5–25 per ovary; style distinct, (slender or stout); stigma capitate, (sometimes slightly 2-lobed). Seeds uniseriate, flattened, broadly winged or margined, suborbicular; seed-coat (prominently reticulate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons obscurely accumbent, (radicle much shorter than cotyledon, straight or slightly bent). x = 11, 12, 15.

Distribution

s, se United States

Discussion

Species 8 (8 in the flora).

Leavenworthia has been subjected to extensive studies covering the taxonomy, breeding systems, evolution, and ecology of its species (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1988). Monophyly of the genus and its sister relationship to Selenia are fairly well-established and need no further elaboration here. Although all eight species are fairly well-defined, it is often difficult to determine them based on material without mature fruits. In our opinion, it is far more difficult, and indeed impractical, to determine the five additional varieties recognized by R. C. Rollins (1963, 1993), because they are based solely on minor differences in the petal color, style length, and petal size, all of which are characters that show considerable variation of a continuous nature. We prefer not to recognize any infraspecific taxa at this stage. The varieties tend to have some geographical basis and might eventually be recognized as such with additional phylogeographic study.

Key

1 Petals oblanceolate, 3.7-6.4 mm, apex obtuse or truncate; leaf blade lobe margins coarsely dentate, terminal lobes slightly larger than lateral lobes; ovules 18-26 per ovary. Leavenworthia uniflora
1 Petals obovate, broadly spatulate, to obcordate, (5-)6-14(-15) mm, apex emarginate; leaf blade lobe margins entire or shallowly dentate, terminal lobes considerably larger than lateral lobes; ovules 4-16(-18) per ovary > 2
2 Fruits markedly torulose or submoniliform; seed wings obsolete or to 0.1 mm wide. Leavenworthia torulosa
2 Fruits smooth, or, rarely, obscurely torulose; seed wings 0.2-0.5 mm wide > 3
3 Styles 0.7-3 mm; petals 5-9 mm, apex shallowly emarginate, apical notch 0.1-0.4 (-0.6) mm deep > 4
3 Styles (1.5-)3-7 mm; petals 9-16 mm, apex deeply emarginate, apical notch 0.5-1.3 mm deep > 6
4 Fruits not margined; styles 0.7-1.7(-2.2) mm; Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee. Leavenworthia exigua
4 Fruits margined; styles (1.5-)2-3 mm; Oklahoma, Texas > 5
5 Leaf blade terminal lobes shorter than wide, margins slightly lobed or shallowly dentate; petals bright yellow, narrowly obovate. Leavenworthia texana
5 Leaf blade terminal lobes equal to or slightly longer than wide, margins usually shallowly dentate; petals pale yellow, obcordate to broadly obovate. Leavenworthia aurea
6 Fruits latiseptate, valves thin; styles 1.5-4.5 mm; petals white to lavender. Leavenworthia alabamica
6 Fruits subterete, valves thick; styles 2.2-7 mm; petals usually yellow, sometimes lavender or white > 7
7 Fruits (0.6-)0.8-1.2(-1.4) cm × (3.5-)4-5(-6) mm; ovules 4-6(-8) per ovary. Leavenworthia crassa
7 Fruits (1-)1.5-3.4 cm × (2.5-)3-4(-4.5) mm; ovules (6-)8-12 per ovary. Leavenworthia stylosa

"elongated" is not a number."elongated" is not a number."thick" is not a number.

... more about "Leavenworthia"
Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz +  and James B. Beck +
Torrey +
not +  and auriculate +
appendaged +  and unappendaged +
lyrate-pinnatifid +  and entire +
dissected +, repand +, sinuate +, crenate +  and dentate +
much smaller +  and reduced +
urceolate +, campanulate +  and tubular +
branched +  and simple +
sessile +  and petiolate +
well-developed +
distinct +
differentiated +
emarginate +  and entire +
s +  and se United States +
straight +  and curved +
For Melines Conkling Leavenworth, 1796–1862, American physician and botanist who collected in the southeastern United States +
not winged +  and unappendaged +
connate +  and distinct +
actinomorphic +
latiseptate +, stipitate +  and sessile +
terete +, subterete +, torulose +, linear +  and oblong or subglobose +
alternate +, not +  and rosulate +
cauline +  and basal +
connate +  and distinct +
decurrent +
lyrate-pinnatifid +  and entire +
pinnatifid +
tenuinucellate +, crassinucellate +  and bitegmic +
campylotropous +  and anatropous +
yellow +, orange +, lavender +  and white +
rudimentary +
obovate +  and spatulate obcordate or oblanceolate +
trinucleate +  and 3(-11)-colpate +
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York +
beck2006a +, charlesworth1998a +, lloyd1965a +, lloyd1969a +, rollins1963a +, solbrig1972a +  and solbrig1977a +
mucilaginous +
margined +  and winged +
uniseriate +  and biseriate +
not +  and mucilaginous +
white +, black +, brown +  and yellow +
suborbicular +  and flattened +
persistent +  and caducous +
distinct +
suberect +  and spreading +
oblong-linear +  and oblong +
reduced +
latiseptate +, stipitate +  and sessile +
terete +, subterete +, torulose +, linear +  and oblong or subglobose +
latiseptate +, stipitate +  and sessile +
terete +, subterete +, torulose +, linear +  and oblong or subglobose +
tetradynamous +
procumbent +  and decumbent +
descending +, ascending +  and erect +
2-lobed +, entire +, conical +  and capitate +
subsessile +, sessile +  and petiolate +
persistent +
distinct +
Cruciferae +
Leavenworthia +
Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae +
scale-like +  and forked +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
anastomosing +
rhizomatous +, taprooted +, scapose +  and not +
perennial +, biennial +  and annual +
subshrub +  and herb +
aquatics +  and terrestrial +
glabrous +  and pubescent +
15 +, 12 +  and 11 +