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papillose or weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane and cilia absent. Operculum usually oblique to the axis of the capsule, convex to weakly conic, cells

(–3) per perichaetium, 4–10 mm. Capsule cylindric, 2.5 mm, smooth to weakly striate-ribbed when dry; peristome teeth divided into filiform segments, densely

mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, yellowish green, obloid, weakly striate, concealed in awns, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum

3–4.5 mm. Capsule occasionally present, exserted, ovoid, brown, shiny, weakly striate, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum rostrate,

reproduction absent. Seta 3–8 mm, dark red. Capsule short-cylindric, 1–2 mm, weakly striate to ribbed, gymnostomous, yellowish-brown, exothecial cells rectangular

short-cylindric, 1–2.5 mm, smooth to weakly striate, yellowish-brown, exothecial cells rectangular, walls weakly thickened; peristome absent; operculum

corky-winged) patently to antrorsely barbed, apices truncate to concave, faces weakly striate, sometimes tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely strigillose; pappi 0, or

Stems irregularly branched, occasionally tomentose; central strand absent or weakly differentiated. Leaves oblong, elliptic, narrowly spathulate or occasionally

antrorsely curved, 0.5–1+ mm. Ray laminae 3–6 mm. Cypselae dull to ± glossy (weakly striate). 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Oct. Habitat: Grasslands, openings

Treatment on page 623. Plants 100–300 cm (rhizomatous). Stems smooth to weakly striate (glaucous). Basal leaves: blades usually ovate or ovate-cordate, to

lavender, rarely white, 18–20 mm, ligules 3–4 mm wide. Cypselae 6–10 mm, weakly striate, glabrous; pappi 6–9 mm. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat:

(–80) × 3–5 µm. Sexual condition autoicous; inner perichaetial leaves weakly striate. Seta reddish or yellowish, 3–4 cm. Capsule inclined to horizontal,

peristome single, teeth narrowly lanceolate, finely papillose, or weakly papillose-striate below. Calyptra not seen. Spores 17–19 µm, finely papillose and

margins antrorsely to retrorsely barbed, apices truncate to concave, faces weakly striate, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; pappi 0, or of (1–) 3 (–4) suberect

spreading. Stems erect, green, stout, branched from bases and distally, weakly striate, glabrous. Leaves (basal forming rosettes, sometimes withering before

vertical, rhizomes spreading). Stems 1–5+, (green to gray-green, rushlike, ± striate), simple to or much branched proximally and/or distally, usually glabrous

single or double, inserted proximal to the mouth, teeth papillose-striate, weakly trabeculate to appendiculate or absent these features, segments of the

ovate-cordate, or reniform, margins lobed or dentate > 3 3 Stems smooth to weakly striate (stems and abaxial leaf faces glaucous) Arnoglossum atriplicifolium

rounded or very slightly obtuse-tapered, lateral surface rugose or only weakly striate. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer. Habitat: Ponds and lakes Elevation:

opposite the teeth, 1/6 or more the length of the teeth, papillose or weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane, cilia absent. Calyptra cucullate, often

Phyllaries in 3–4 series, unequal, linear to oblanceolate, margins ciliate, weakly striate, obtuse to rounded. Ray-florets 6–12 (pale to bright-yellow); laminae

4–6 mm wide. Cypselae (subcylindric) 11–14 mm (faces smooth, abaxial weakly striate, glabrous, adaxial sulcate); pappi 12–18 mm. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering

Plants (solitary) 15–30 cm. Stems erect, much branched proximally, weakly striate proximally. Leaves: proximal blades linear-filiform, 30–140 × 1–3 mm;

vines], 5–400 cm. Stems usually 1, usually erect, (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually

unbranched or branched (few) proximally and distally, 6–15 (–18) dm, (weakly striate). Basal leaves (withered by flowering); similar to cauline. Cauline

rhizomatous). Stems (1–20+) usually erect or ascending, rarely prostrate (usually striate-angled, rarely terete and smooth; usually green), glabrous, glabrate, hispidulous

slightly strumose capsules, which are suberect to slightly arcuate and weakly striate when dry, are distinctive. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherT

rounded corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries 1-nerved, usually not striate (3–5-nerved and striate in S. glomerata, S. lancifolia, S. roanensis) sometimes minutely

rather thin-walled, often lax, weakly chlorophyllose, proximal cells usually longer, oblong to rectangular, sometimes weakly inflated at proximal angles,

rostrate; peristome usually double; exostome teeth 16, external surface cross striate basally, papillose distally, sometimes bordered, internal surface often

usually ± swollen and translucent, sometimes plus 2–5 secondary nerves (striate, flat), linear-lanceolate to oblong or ovate, unequal to rarely subequal

or red, rudimentary or consisting of 16 mostly twice cleft, spiculose, striate, or papillose, lanceolate teeth, or 32 linear, usually densely spiculose

exserted, symmetric, ovoid, obloid to cylindric, usually smooth or obscurely striate; stomates present; annulus present, deciduous; operculum long-rostrate;

of 1–3 pistillate florets in heads of A. bigelovii sometimes ± 2-lobed, weakly raylike). Disc-florets 2–20 (–30+), bisexual and fertile, or functionally

or linear; base sometimes abruptly enlarged and clasping; margins not or weakly bordered, toothed distally or throughout, teeth single or paired; apex acute

Phyllaries not striate, eglandular. Pappi bristles usually in 2, rarely in 3 series (shorter, outer setiform scales rarely present, inner weakly, if at all

racemiform, paniculiform, or thyrsiform arrays, not secund. Phyllaries not striate, resinous (minute glands present). Pappus bristles usually in 2, rarely

(rarely) acute; upper lemmas striate, chartaceous-indurate, shiny, usually glabrous, margins involute; upper paleas striate; lodicules 2; anthers 3. Caryopses

glabrous; mature spores usually yellow. Cryptogramma 5 Leaves monomorphic to weakly dimorphic, either all alike and fertile or with a few sterile leaves poorly

style-branch apices truncate to acute). Cypselae narrowly obpyramidal, weakly ribbed or striate, glandular-pubescent; pappi usually 0 (rarely of scales). x = 16

to julaceous when dry, erect-spreading when moist, ovate to lanceolate, weakly to strongly plicate on either side of costa; margins recurved proximally

double, rarely single or absent; exostome teeth 0, 8, or 16, papillose or striate; endostome segments 0, 8, or 16. Calyptra mitrate, conic-oblong to short-conic

phyllaries 1-nerved, not stipitate-glandular, not striate. Pappus bristles usually in 2 series (inner usually weakly to moderately clavate). North America, Mexico

leaves. Phyllaries not striate, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Pappus bristles usually in 2 series (sometimes similar, inner usually weakly, if at all clavate

keeled to tubulose, erect-appressed, erect-patent or spreading, straight, weakly curled, crispate or cirrate when dry, generally falcate-secund, less often

ascending, sparingly branched; scales tan to chestnut-brown, concolored to weakly bicolored, linear-attenuate, margins ciliate-dentate to entire. Leaves monomorphic

longitudinally broadly or narrowly striate when moist, becoming more deeply furrowed to sulcate when dry, with or without weakly differentiated to distinct struma;

finely and distantly spinulose or nearly smooth, weakly decurrent or non-decurrent; laminal cells weakly papillose with short papillae mainly on abaxial

relatively slender, apices acute). Cypselae (black, mottled, or gray-striate) weakly 4-angled, ± obpyramidal (glabrous); pappi 0. x = 8. sw United States

erect to decumbent, simple (sometimes scapiform) or branched, usually striate, glabrous or hairy, often densely hispid or setose (hairs often stipitate-glandular)

flattened and cucullate (lengths usually 1–2+ times diams., sometimes finely striate or 1–5-nerved, corky-winged in Dicoria and winged margins ± toothed), usually

Phyllaries not striate, eglandular. Pappus bristles usually in 2, rarely 3 series (shorter, outer setiform scales rarely present, inner weakly clavate). North

when the tubercles are not discernible but the surface appears roughened; striate-tubercled, when conspicuous tubercles are oriented in rows; uniformly tubercled

broadly obovate distally, acute to apiculate or short-acuminate, entire or weakly serrulate distally; costa subpercurrent to short-excurrent; distal laminal

ascending to spreading. Phyllaries not striate, glabrous, eglandular. Pappus bristles usually in 2 series (inner weakly, if at all, clavate). North America

triangular, plicate or not; margins plane to somewhat recurved basally, weakly serrulate to serrulate, limbidium absent; apex abruptly short or long-acuminate

well developed on both sides of guide cells; juxtacostal basal-cells often weakly differentiated, short to long-rectangular, enlarged, lax or not; medial

covered with leaf-bases or clean, obscurely [strongly] ringed, becoming striate or smooth with age. Leaves few-to-many; sheath fibers soft; petiole split

longitudinally striate on adaxial face. Carex leavenworthii 6 Pistillate scales at least 3/4 length of perigynia; bases of perigynia longitudinally striate on adaxial

and/or scaly, rarely glabrous, adaxially pubescent to glabrous, dull, not striate; rachis straight. Ultimate segments of blade stalked or sessile, usually

saccate, weakly clasping apices of cypselae), throats funnelform, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae ± obovoid, weakly obcompressed, ribs or nerves (weak): 2 lateral

series, ± striate, lanceolate to linear-oblong, unequal (apices acute or acuminate, abaxial faces farinaceous, usually glanddotted). Receptacles weakly convex

external surface cross-striolate proximally, papillose distally, when reduced, striate, papillose, or smooth; endostome basal membrane high or low, segments long

rarely lavender, 4.9–9.4 × 3–4.5 mm, claw distinct. Fruits (weakly 4-angled to terete, striate or sulcate), fusiform or lanceoloid [turbinate], 15–31 × 3–4

red-violet, 7–10 mm. Fruits slightly to notably gibbous, striate, 8–11 (–14) mm, sometimes weakly warty at least on gibbous side. Phenology: Flowering mid

exostome teeth lanceolate, smooth to slightly striate basally; endostome basal membrane low, segments weakly papillose. Spores 15–20 µm]. e United States

apices obtuse, acute, apiculate, or with small green crests; upper paleas striate, rarely transversely rugose; lodicules 2; anthers usually 3. Caryopses smooth;

shrubs], to 300 [–1500+] cm. Stems usually twining to scrambling (terete, striate, or [4-] 6-angled, sometimes winged), branched. Leaves cauline; opposite

terminal thyrsiform arrays, not nodding or secund. Phyllaries sometimes striate, not stipitate-glandular. Pappus bristles usually in 2 series (inner bristles

abaxial and adaxial hyalocysts and a median band of stereids; alar cells weakly differentiated, hyaline; basal laminal cells hyaline, of 8–10 rows, 2-stratose

Cypselae cylindric to clavate or obpyramidal, sometimes weakly obcompressed (ray), all striate-ribbed, usually glabrous, sometimes glanddotted (villous

strongly flattened or weakly 3–4-angled, usually callous-margined, often ciliate Peritylinae 7 Phyllaries usually flat to weakly navicular; disc corollas

2–4-fid, sparsely to densely stellate-pilose; blade orbiculate, angled, weakly lobed or deeply palmately parted, base cordate, cuneate, or truncate, margins

transversely rugulose, not striate-reticulate, glassy. Rhynchospora pusilla 29 Fruit body not transversely rugulose, finely striate-reticulate, glassy. Rhynchospora

in accrescent and usually veiny perianth, tan to dark-brown, unwinged to weakly winged, 3-gonous, sometimes compressed-3-gonous or nearly pyramidal, glabrous

ovoid-pyriform from a short neck, asymmetric by the weakly oblique mouth, inclined to horizontal, becoming striate and nearly cylindric when dry and empty, annulus

developed; exostome teeth lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, finely horizontally striate; endostome basal membrane moderately high, segments slender, lanceolate

Notholaena aschenborniana), adaxially often sparsely glandular, dull, not striate; rachis straight. Ultimate segments of blade sessile to subsessile, often

reflexed (filaments ± connate, anthers weakly coherent or distinct). Cypselae pyriform, ± obcompressed, finely striate, glabrous, little, if at all, glanddotted;

brown, 2.5–4 mm, apices coronate or knobby, faces striate to furrowed; pappi of 2–4 straight or weakly contorted, smooth setiform awns or subulate scales

reddish with a hyaline tip, obliquely papillose-striate to the papillose hyaline tip, trabeculae weakly developed, appendiculae almost absent in the tip

or obovate, imbricate, somewhat concave, mostly 2–3 mm; margins entire to weakly serrulate by projecting ends of thin-walled cells; apices narrowed to an

semicircular on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate to linear, weakly orange at insertion, nodulose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal cells

obovoid (apices oblique), weakly flattened (stylopodia sublateral), ribs or nerves (weak): 2 lateral, 1 adaxial, faces finely striate, glabrous [hairy] (pericarps

medifixed hairs. Stems 15–150, stiffly erect; bark dark russet, becoming gray, striate; long-shoots divaricately and oppositely branched, short-shoots present;

based, or glabrous; epidermis soon or tardily deciduous exposing cortex and striate bundle caps; bark grayish; internodes (0.1–) 1–2.5 (–6) cm; short-shoot

papillae simple, low and irregularly rounded, walls thin to thick, even or weakly to strongly porose-sinuate; distal cells chlorophyllose, similar to and

contorted prior to dehiscence, apex often appearing ± beaked, longitudinally striate with prominent venation, glabrous or, occasionally, sparsely puberulent;

2–20(–30+); cypselae columnar, obovoid, or fusiform, ribs 0 (and faces finely striate) or 2–5; pappi usually 0 (coroniform in A. californica and A. papposa) Artemisia

margin broadly recurved on one side, awns short to long and weakly denticulate, costa weak at base, channeled distally, projecting on abaxial side; basal

distally and some fusing at the tips, papillose but scarcely striate basally, becoming weakly papillate on the hyaline tips, endostome not seen. Calyptra

and becoming variously contorted at maturity. Capsule 1.5–2 mm, obovate, weakly to moderately curved, inclined to horizontal, wrinkled when dry, mouth slightly

rectangular-prismatic or dorsally compressed, if dorsally compressed, the surface striate or smooth. > 10 10 Bases of the caryopses greenish; caryopses dorsally compressed

moistened; peristome double, exostome teeth brown, lanceolate, vertically striate throughout and sometimes perforate along the median line, endostome a low

absent. Seta 3–5 mm, reddish-brown. Capsule short-cylindric, 1.5–3 mm, striate to weakly ribbed, yellowish-brown; exothecial cells long-rectangular to linear;

lanceolate-triangular, dark yellowbrown, papillose-striate throughout, trabeculae distinct but moderately thickened, weakly appendiculate and extending into the tip;

in 2 series, distinct or connate; cypselae narrowly obpyramidal, weakly ribbed or striate Baileya 53 Phyllaries in 1 series > 54 53 Phyllaries in 2–3+ series

1–5, erect or ascending, green, simple or branched from bases, obscurely striate (glabrous, puberulent or scabrous). Leaves (basal not forming rosettes,

Cypselae (± brown) obpyramidal, (3–) 4-angled, not or slightly compressed (striate, rarely verrucose-tuberculate, glabrous); pappi readily falling, of 2–12

abaxial teeth, apex acute, border cells and teeth with minute, verrucose or striate papillae; costa percurrent to subpercurrent, with a few abaxial teeth near

4) cm, straight, wet or dry. Capsule straight and erect, striate, not strumose; annulus weakly developed. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat: Rock

50–150 cm (short to long-rhizomatous). Stems usually 1, ascending to erect, striate, glabrous proximal to heads. Cauline leaves: mid and distal crowded, blades

5–3.5 cm; leaflets 3, blade elliptic, 2–6 × 0.6–1.5 cm, margins entire, weakly sinuate, or serrulate, apex acute, long-acuminate, or mucronate, surfaces

elongate-cylindrical from a neck half or more the total length, 2.5–3 mm, weakly sulcate when dry and empty; exothecial cells scarcely thickened, narrowly

3–5 mm. Capsule sporadically present, exserted, ovoid, brown, smooth, striate when dry and empty, exothecial cells thin-walled, annulus present, operculum

bark of older branches dark gray, sometimes with black patches; tips not or weakly spinescent; glabrous. Leaves: stipules absent; petiole base persistent,

0.5–1 mm diam.; bark of older branches dark-brown to black; tips not or weakly spinescent; glabrous or sparsely to ± densely puberulent. Leaves: stipules

angled, weakly convex on both surfaces, thick-walled, strongly collenchymatous with trigones, smooth or usually with minute, rounded or striate papillae

branches pale-yellow to gray; tips sharply pointed, flexible, not or only weakly spinescent; glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Leaves: stipules triangular

widespreading, 0.5–1.5 m. Stems weakly ascending, suberect, or decumbent; branches spiraled, purple-black, sometimes green and brown striate, initially strigose.

similar, spreading to squarrose, not undulate, ovate or lanceolate, not or weakly plicate; base decurrent or not; margins plane, serrulate to serrate (serrulate

reddish-brown rhizoids. Leaves falcate-secund to nearly straight, crisped to weakly crisped when dry, smooth, (1–) 2–4 (–5) × 0.3–0.6 mm, concave below, tubulose

Capsule occasionally present, exserted, oblate, shiny, smooth, becoming striate when dry, stomata absent, annulus absent, operculum conical, peristome split

oblanceolate or linear, 15–50 (–70) mm, lengths 3–6+ times widths, bases weakly clasping, margins usually entire, sometimes serrate (teeth mostly toward

Shrubs, 40–130 (–210) cm (branched near bases). Stems erect to arching, striate-angled, glabrous or sparsely villous distally (hairs short, spreading).

of central dark-brown portion. Perigynia appressed to weakly spreading, reddish-brown, 13–18-striate and 2-ribbed, ovate to oblongovate, planoconvex, 2.8–3

3–3 m, (forming clones by layering). Stems: branches dark redbrown, not or weakly glaucous, tomentose to glabrescent; branchlets redbrown, yellowbrown, or

or shortly excurrent, 1/6–1/4 the width of the leaves at base, smooth or weakly rough above on abaxial surface, abaxial ridges absent, with a row of guide

larger tooth cell and 1 (–2) smaller basal-cells; costa smooth on the back or weakly toothed at the tip; lamellae 36–38, 5–6 cells high, entire in profile, the

(–30+); corollas yellowish, 3–6 mm. Cypselae redbrown, flattened, sometimes weakly 4-angled, narrowly cuneate to linear, outer 6–10 mm, inner 8–13 mm, margins

Vorobik, Hana Pazdírková Copyright: Utah State University Plants perennial; weakly cespitose. Culms (20) 30-100 (200) cm, erect or ascending from a decumbent

2–4. Capsule yellow, 3–4 mm, deep red at the mouth, smooth to weakly and irregularly striate in older capsules; peristome inserted below the mouth; operculum

brown, nearly terete or weakly 4-angled, ± linear, 10–15 mm, margins not barbed or ciliate, apices truncate, faces smooth or ± striate, glabrous; pappi of

(not transversely fissured; angles ± ribbed) or (inner) striate; pappi of 2 straight or weakly contorted, smooth (apices dilated), bristles or setiform

broadly urceolate to globose, 8–15 × 10–20+ mm. Phyllaries in 5–6 (–9) series, weakly spreading to appressed, filiform to linear or lanceolate, apices slightly

Stem and branch leaves distant, widespreading when moist, ovatelanceolate, striate-plicate, stem-leaves 1.5–1.8 mm, branch leaves 0.9–1.5 mm; margins plane

filling 1/3–2/3 of the leaf base, 175–200 µm wide, excurrent; alar cells weakly differentiated; basal laminal cells in 15–18 rows, hyaline, thin-walled

long-cylindric, arcuate, inclined to horizontal, not or slightly strumose, striate to furrowed when dry, yellowish-brown to dark-brown; operculum 1–2.5 mm

characterized as flattened or terete pleurocarpous mosses with concave leaves and a weak double costa. The alar cells are quadrate and numerous. The two subgenera

differentiated; blades lanceolate. Culms 20-60 cm, with caudices, slender, glabrous, weakly ascending, with a tuft of predominantly basal leaves, only the upper 3 internodes

distal half of leaf, abaxial ridges absent, with a row of guide cells, two weakly developed stereid bands above and below, not extending to the leaf middle

15–70 cm (much branched from bases). Stems erect (green to tan), slender, striate-angled, glabrous, resinous. Leaves present at flowering; short-petiolate;

clumps); taproots deep, vertical, woody. Stems ascending to erect, pale green, striate, often much-branched from bases and distally, glabrous. Leaves: (basal forming

mm, usually finely striate when empty; exothecial cells isodiametric or short-elongate, often irregularly angular, thin-walled, weakly trigonous; stomata

glabrate, lanceolate to linear, margins entire; fruits 8-11(-14) mm, striate, sometimes weakly warty Cyphomeris gypsophiloides 1 Leaf blades pubescent, ovate

isodiametric, rounded or angular, or short-rectangular, 5–8 µm wide, smooth, weakly sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule yellowbrown or light reddish-brown

Association Plants annual, rarely biennial [perennial], glabrous or very weakly short-papillose, mostly in inflorescence and on leaf-blades, with fusiform

surface; the endostome has a well-developed basal membrane and vertically striate papillose segments. None. Philonotis calcarea, Philonotis capillaris, Philonotis

tendency towards bordered leaves (P. laevigatum), finely longitudinally striate exothecium, and a similar peristome of 32 linear, crowded teeth. Sporophytes

nearly straight when dry. Capsule straight and erect, not strumose; annulus weakly developed, of small persistent cells. Phenology: Capsules mature summer

When sporophytes are present, the dense, fine, obliquely striate peristome teeth with weak papillae immediately distinguish D. pusillum from those two

apices acute; costa percurrent or excurrent as a denticulate, occasionally weakly decurrent awn, abaxial surface papillose; basal marginal cells quadrate

becoming ± patent, arcuate bracts surpassing the heads), faces concolor or weakly bicolor, pannose-tomentose (± equally grayish to whitish, basal-cells of

when old, sometimes redbrown, ovoid-cylindric, 0.65–1.1 mm, occasionally striate; exothecial cells isodiametric or oblate, often somewhat angular, thin-walled;

green to pale-yellow, faces weakly veined, 2.5–3.2 × 1.2–1.8 mm, base of body spongy, thickened and longitudinally striate adaxially, spongy region 0.8–1

yellow, olive, or at maturity chestnut-brown, obscurely to evidently 17–20-striate (marginal ribs seldom prominent), oblong-ovoid, biconvex, 2.9–3.4 × 1.2–1

terete to somewhat laterally compressed, sometimes with a weak adaxial groove, finely striate, usually opaque, faintly reddish-brown to whitish. 2n = 40

reddish-brown. Capsule 2.5–4 mm, arcuate, inclined to horizontal, smooth to striate when dry, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown; operculum 2–3.5 mm. Spores 14–24

subellipsoid, laterally compressed, with a well-developed adaxial groove, faintly striate, opaque, reddish-brown. 2n = 40. Generated Map Legacy Map N.Mex., Tex. Eragrostis

yellowish-brown to reddish-brown. Capsule 2.5–3 mm, arcuate, inclined to horizontal, striate when dry, yellowbrown; operculum 1.7–3 mm. Spores 14–28 µm. Phenology: Capsules

rhizome, or short-rhizomatous; bulb coats membranous or chartaceous, finely striate with narrow, vertically elongate cells. > 32 31 Bulbs ovoid to subglobose

spreading and not keeled when moist, monomorphic, oblong-lanceolate, adaxially weakly concave across leaf, 0.7–1.1 mm (excluding the deciduous tip) to 2.5 mm

of leaves to form 2 rows on opposite sides of stems and branches, not or weakly plicate, 1–2 × 0.3–0.7 mm; base not decurrent or sometimes 1–3 short cells

to obtuse-apiculate. Myurella 18 Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, weakly concave or flat; apices acute to acuminate. > 19 19 Leaf apices acute; margins