Preface Introduction Credits Literature Cited
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1832. Luc Brouillet Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 23. Mentioned on page 20, 21, 24, 27, 57, 73, 74, 75, 119, 312, 387. Herbs, shrubs
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al. 2006. Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Molec. Biol. Evol. 23: 2142–2160. Bailey, C. D., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, and G. Rajanikanth. 2007. Generic
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Anthemidae, Ambrosieae, Calenduleae, and Arctotideae (Compositae). Aliso 6(2): 1–23. Carlquist, S. 1976. Tribal interrelationships and phylogeny of the Asteraceae
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 119. Mentioned on page 22, 23, 120, 122, 301. Herbs, perennial, rarely annual or biennial, shrubs, or subshrubs;
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A. A. Reznicek Common names: Carex laîche Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 254. Mentioned on page 3, 5, 252, 255, 256, 257, 258, 333
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David F. Murray Common names: Sedge Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 4, 192, 243, 252. Herbs, annual or
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 74. Mentioned on page 21, 22, 23. Shrubs or subshrubs; usually armed, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, imparipinnately
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1(2.2) mm long. > 23 23 Glumes 4-9 mm long; sheaths closed for 1/2 - 2/3 their length; plants of arctic and subarctic regions Dupontia 23 Glumes 1.6-4.3 mm
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 20, 23, 39, 78, 102, 108, 257. Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, shrubs
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name for Eurasian Cyperus longus Linnaeus Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 141. Mentioned on page 7, 154, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170
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peripheral and curved, rarely central and straight (Holosteum). x = 6–15, 17–19, 23. North-temperate regions, South America (Andean region), Europe (Mediterranean
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Socorro González-Elizondo*, Francis J. Menapace* Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants perennial or sometimes annual, sometimes stoloniferous. Rhizomes present
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 4, 8, 9, 23, 29, 51. Shrubs or trees, heterophyllous or not, sometimes clonal, forming
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sculptured, with or without strophioles or elaiosomes. x = 4–9, 11, 13, 15, 23. Primarily Southern Hemisphere, poorly represented in Eurasia Genera 20–30
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 27. Mentioned on page 22, 23, 28. Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, perennial; armed or unarmed. Leaves alternate
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 60. Mentioned on page 23, 24, 29, 49, 51, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 86. Shrubs, 0.005–6 m, clonal
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Subshrubs, shrubs (treelets), or vines > 23 22 Annuals, biennials, or perennials > 26 23 Vines; California, Oregon Delairea 23 Subshrubs or shrubs (treelets) >
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ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequence data. Syst. Bot. 23: 177–187. Schilling, E. E. and J. L. Panero. 2002. A revised classification
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appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 18. Mentioned on page 10, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 57, 74, 75, 119, 312, 345, 346, 347, 352, 383, 384, 385, 386
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left side] > 22 22 Inflorescences of 1-sided, spikelike primary branches. > 23 23 Spikelets with the lower lemmas and lower glumes (if present) adjacent to
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28: 584–592. Ekman, E. 1929. Studies in the genus Draba. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 23: 476–495. Ekman, E. 1930. Contribution to the Draba flora of Greenland. II
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Carex sect. Temnemis (Rafinesque) Kreczetovicz Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants cespitose or not, short to long rhizomatous. Culms brown or redbrown
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alternative treatment as is indicated by Peterson et al. (2001) who listed 23 of the 53 genera treated here as being of uncertain position within the subfamily
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Mariscus Willdenow Undefined subg. Papyrus Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 164. Mentioned on page 141. Culms and leaves with Kranz
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Perityle sect. Pappothrix, Perityle sect. Perityle Bentham Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 23, plate 15. 1844. Sharon C. Yarborough, A. Michael Powell Common names: Rock
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Synonyms: Eleocharis (R. Brown) Endlicher Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 60. Mentioned on page 4, 6, 7, 29, 61, 121. Illustrator:
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similar in size and shape; glumes and lemmas membranous (Centothecoideae). > 23 23 Culms 35-150 cm tall; spikelets with (2)3-26 florets, including the lowest
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Socorro González-Elizondo*, Francis J. Menapace* Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants perennial, often mat-forming, never stoloniferous or proliferating
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Perianths hairy > 23 22 Perianths glabrous, sparsely pilose, or glandular > 26 23 Achenes tomentose; widespread Eriogonum shockleyi 23 Achenes glabrous;
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sect. Microrhynchae (Drejer) L. H. Bailey Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants loosely or densely cespitose, sometimes long rhizomatous or stoloniferous;
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Dumortier Fl. Belg., 146. 1827. Peter W. Ball Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants cespitose, short-rhizomatous or inconspicuously rhizomatous. Culms:
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flattened laterally, not accrescent in fruit. > 23 23 Anther mucros unequal; capsule dehiscence septicidal. Euphrasia 23 Anther mucros equal or absent; capsule
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* Synonyms: Cyperus subg. Protocyperus Lye Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Culms and leaves with non-kranz anatomy (C3). Inflorescences: spikes; rachilla
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Arenarii of the Graciles, and miscellaneous new species. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 23: 594–616. Keck, D. D. 1945. Studies in Penstemon VIII. A cyto-taxomonic account
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monograph of the Asteraceae–Anthemideae. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 23: 71–177. Oberprieler, C. and R. Vogt. 2000. The position of Castrilanthemum
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blades 3-fid or pinnate to pinnatisect (rarely entire in M. librina). > 23 23 Filaments of 5 outermost stamens broadly spatulate, strongly clawed. > 24
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proximal to heads (peduncles very short); rays mostly blue to purplish. > 23 23 Stems and leaves prominently and densely stipitate-glandular (glands 0.2–0
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Rose and C. bolensis S. Boyd & J. Keeley, both endemic to Mexico. Species 25 (23 in the flora). In the following key, references to indumentum do not include
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unequal, herbaceous to scarious, glabrous; petals 2–9 (–12), distinct; stamens 1–23; ovules 1–many; style present or absent; stigmas 2 or 3. Capsules 2–3-valved
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Liatris cymosa 4 Involucres hemispheric to campanulate or broadly turbinate, 17–23 × 15–20 mm; phyllary apices usually rounded to obtuse (pappus bristles barbellate
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hemispheric, or turbinate, mostly 6–20+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 5–23 in (1–) 2 series. Receptacles convex, smooth or pitted, epaleate. Ray-florets
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brandegeei) or mainland. > 23 23 Palate ridges absent or purple; corolla throats not golden yellow at base. Diplacus congdonii 23 Palate ridges golden yellow;
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length, apices sometimes with elongate, raised (never subspheric) glands > 23 23 Outer and mid phyllary apices often cuspidate (bodies apically truncate or
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pappi readily falling, of ± 60+, white, barbellulate bristles. x = 20, 22, 23. Subtropical, temperate, and arctic regions of North America, 1(–2) species
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or absent; leaf blades unlobed. > 23 23 Sepals 0; latex colorless; styles unbranched; stamens (2–)4(–5). Gymnanthes 23 Staminate sepals 4–5, pistillate
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rarely even, pinnately compound; stipules absent; petiole present. Leaflets 3-23, margins serrate or entire. Inflorescences: staminate catkins solitary or
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keeled abaxially, lacking wings or spines > 23 23 Ovary partly inferior; plants cultivated, rarely naturalized Beta 23 Ovary superior; plants native or naturalized
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1/2-divided, usually costate; fruit walls indurate. Sida 23 Ovaries 3–5-carpellate; fruits usually capsules > 24 23 Ovaries (5)6–36-carpellate; fruits schizocarps
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 37. Mentioned on page 22, 23. Herbs, annual or perennial, aquatic, rooted in mud or free-floating. Stems
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corymbs, racemes, or spikelike racemes. > 23 23 Staminodes 0; bracteoles absent; leaves whorled. Gambelia 23 Staminodes 1; bracteoles usually present;
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plumose) > 19 19 Phyllaries ± equal > 20 19 Phyllaries unequal (outer shorter) > 23 20 Receptacles conic Conoclinium 20 Receptacles flat or convex > 21 21 Phyllaries
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Nothoscordum 22 Plants from fibrous-coated corms. > 23 23 Scape 1–5 mm diam.; stigma weakly 3-lobed. Triteleia 23 Scape 7–15 mm diam.; stigma not lobed. Triteleiopsis
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Volume 27. Mentioned on page 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33. Plants typically with upright stems, young branches
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E. Rothrock, A. C. Dibble, A. A. Reznicek Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants usually densely cespitose, rarely colonial, short-rhizomatous. Culms
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north-temperate, arctic, and alpine regions Genera ca. 38, species ca. 600 (23 genera, 158 species in the flora). Classification of Saxifragaceae has been
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Detling, L. E. 1936. The genus Dentaria in the Pacific states. Amer. J. Bot. 23: 570–576. Detling, L. E. 1937. The Pacific coast species of Cardamine. Amer
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(present in M. douglasii), appendage absent. x = 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23. Temperate and arctic Northern Hemisphere, n Africa, Asia Minor Species ca
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129. 1929. Jeremy J. Bruhl, S. Galen Smith Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants perennial or annual, some species often proliferating from spikelets
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straight. Nearly worldwide, mostly tropical Genera ca. 120, species ca. 825 (23 genera, 56 species in the flora). Sechium edule (Jacquin) Swartz (chayote)
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elongate, 3-locular, large, leathery. Seeds large, green, fleshy. x = 20, 23. se and sc United States, West Indies, Central America, and South America
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22 Bracteoles linear to oblong, margins stipitate- or sessile-glandular > 23 23 Sepal margins glandular-laciniate to -serrate; leaf blades hard, chartaceous
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elevated above cauline leaves > 23 23 Spines (or sharp, cusplike tips) of outer and middle phyllaries erect, ± appressed > 24 23 Spines (or short, cusplike
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Scirpus mamillatus H. Lindberg Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 23(7): 7. 1902 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 73. Mentioned on page 64, 72, 74
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Fruits 0.9-2.3 mm wide; seeds (0.1-)0.6-1.5 mm wide; not Mojave Desert > 23 23 Fruiting pedicels abruptly recurved at bases; fruits reflexed, usually appressed
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including se Alaska. > 23 23 Abaxial calyx clefts shallower than adaxials; mountains of c, e Nevada. Castilleja dissitiflora 23 Calyx clefts subequal;
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wide Paspalum conspersum 19 Branches 1-10(28). > 20 22 Plants annual. > 23 23 Spikelets 1.3-1.8 mm wide, broadly elliptical to orbicular, glabrous; panicles
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Socorro González-Elizondo*, Francis J. Menapace* Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants annual or perennial, never stoloniferous, sometimes with creeping
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Ranunculus sulphureus, Ranunculus triternatus (Prantl) L. D. Benson Amer. J. Bot. 23: 169. 1936. Alan T. Whittemore Basionym: Ranunculus sect. Marsypadenium Prantl
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Outer tepals shorter than inner; capsules 5.2–6.5 mm Juncus texanus 23 Stamens 3. > 24 23 Stamens 6. > 31 24 Stems creeping or floating, capillary; filiform
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prostrate perennials) > 24 23 Subshrubs or shrubs (erect); cypselae (some or all) strongly compressed, nota-bly winged Wedelia 23 Perennials (prostrate);
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absent Vaccaria 23 Fruits utricles enclosed by persistent hypanthium; flowers inconspicuous, sessile or subsessile; petals absent Scleranthus 23 Fruits capsules;
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Synonyms: Dichromena Michaux Psilocarya A. Gray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 200. Mentioned on page 6, 7, 201, 231, 238. Herbs, annual
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sect. Pycreus (Palisot de Beauvois) Grisebach Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Culms and leaves with Kranz (chlorocyperoid) anatomy. Inflorescences: spikes;
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Latin name for willow Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 23. Mentioned on page 4, 5, 8, 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 49, 51, 157
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Actaegeton Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Excurs., 78. 1830 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants annual or rarely perennial, cespitose; rhizomes inconspicuous, very
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or white, sometimes bicolored (dark basally). nw, e United States Species 23 (23 in the flora). None. Trillium albidum, Trillium angustipetalum, Trillium
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Pseudaphanostemma (Nuttall) A. Gray in A. Gray et al. Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 23. 1895. Alan T. Whittemore Basionym: Undefined subg. Cyrtorhyncha Nuttall in
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ventricose-ampliate, or ampliate. > 23 23 Corollas 35–55 mm; staminodes 23–30 mm; styles 18–34 mm. Penstemon cobaea 23 Corollas 10–35 mm; staminodes 7–20
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stem axis. > 23 22 Inflorescences distinctly terminal, continuous with stem axis. > 30 23 Flowers solitary from leaf axils. Maxillaria 23 Flowers in racemes
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tabernaemontani, Schoenoplectus triqueter S. Galen Smith Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants perennial; rhizomes spreading, conspicuous, long, tough, firm; tubers
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2–3+ series of bristles in Lactuca) > 23 22 Cypselae fusiform, not or little compressed; pappi of bristles > 24 23 Involucres narrowly cylindric, 1–2+ mm
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bisexual > 23 22 Flowers bisexual > 24 23 Corollas ± salverform; leaves alternate; fruits capsular; inflorescences spikes or dense racemes. Epigaea 23 Corollas
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Socorro González-Elizondo*, Francis J. Menapace* Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants perennial or annual, sometimes with spikelets proliferating or some
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leaflets obcordate, lobed 1/5–1/3 length. > 23 23 Inflorescences racemes; plants annual; capsules 3–5 mm. Oxalis laxa 23 Inflorescences cymes; plants perennial
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Scouring rush Basionym: Undefined subg. Hippochaete J.Milde Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 23: 297. 1865 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright:
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erion, wool or cotton, and phoros, bearing Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 21. Mentioned on page 5, 6, 27. Illustrator: John Myers
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stems (2–)4–30 dm > 23 22 Leaf blades usually deeply lobed or pedately divided, sometimes highly dissected; stems 1–10 dm > 26 23 Stems (2–)4–7(–10) dm
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Plants glabrous, glabrate, scabrous, or puberulent or hirsutulous at base. > 23 23 Sepals linear-lanceolate. > 24 24 Petals obovate; stamens 5–7 mm; styles
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some with elaiosome [seeds winged in some woody vines]. Worldwide Genera 23, species 1000–1100 (2 genera, 78 species in the flora). The Violaceae is predominantly
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at anthesis Ferocactus 23 Stems at least 200 cm at reproductive age, columnar; inner tepals white (or pink in Pachycereus) > 24 23 Stems less than 100 cm
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Bagnall. 2006. Systematics of the tribe Stipeae using molecular data. Aliso 23:349-361 Johnson, B.L. and G.A. Rogler. 1943. A cytotaxonomic study of an intergeneric
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4-8 mm. Ranunculus sardous 23 Stems decumbent, sometimes rooting at nodes; e North America. Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus 23 Stems erect to decumbent
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 93. Mentioned on page 23, 24, 29, 47, 49, 51, 57, 60, 61, 86, 104, 107, 120, 125, 126, 133. Shrubs
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long-rhizomatous or with short, branched caudices; ray florets (9–)11–17(–23), laminae (3.7–)5–5.5(–7.3); disc florets 5–16 (–28), corollas (2.3–)2.5–3
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green or green to grayish green or brown; capsules smooth to ± rugulose. > 23 23 Shrubs 0.5–1 m; leaf blades widely elliptic to suborbiculate; inflorescences
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Loudon, Hort. Brit., 376. 1830. Heikki Toivonen Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants loosely to densely cespitose, rhizomatous (stoloniferous in C. mackenziei)
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cells usually with straight walls, little wider than distal medial cells > 23 23 Superficial (free) walls of distal laminal cells (in section) flat or very
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1909. Charles T. Bryson, Robert F. C. Naczi Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants densely or loosely cespitose, short-rhizomatous. Culms brown or purple
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silvery), lobes acute or rounded > 23 22 Leaves bicolor (abaxial faces silvery, adaxial green), lobes acute > 25 23 Leaves silver-gray, lobes rounded (coastal
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