Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaf-blade 5-15 × 2-5cm, apex rounded or blunt; abaxial surface pellucid-dotted. Flowers ca.
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tripetala, Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5 240. 1754. Frederick G. Meyer Etymology: For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor
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Association Stems 2-6 (-11) dm, ± puberulent. Leaves 5-28. Leaf-blade semicircular, 9-27-lobed, 1-5cm wide, ± puberulent, lobes less than 1.5 mm wide. Inflorescences
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Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 5+ vols. in 6+. New York and London. Vol. 5, pp. 5–471. Eldenäs, P. K., M. Källersjö, and A. A. Anderberg
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to narrowly acute or acuminate; sheath 1.5–3cm, base persistent. Pollen cones ellipsoid-cylindric, 1.5–3.5cm, yellow or red. Seed-cones maturing in 2 years
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light-redbrown, ca. 0.6–0.7 (–1) cm, slightly resinous. Leaves (2–) 3 (–4) per fascicle, spreading-ascending, persisting 2 years, 6–15cm × 0.8–1mm, straight
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(–40) × 1–1.5mm, yellow-green to dark or bluish green, apex obtuse to acute. Pollen cones yellow-red. Seed-cones 4–10 × 3–3.5cm. Seeds 5–6mm, wing longer
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ovoid-cylindric, light-redbrown, 0.4–0.5cm, slightly resinous. Leaves 5 per fascicle, spreading to ascending, persisting 2–3 years, 6–10cm × 0.7–1mm, straight, slightly
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inflorescence branches usually without obvious bracts. Spikelets with (0-1) 2 (3-6) glumes (empty bracts) subtending 1-60 florets, glumes and florets distichously
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level, 2-6 times as long as trophophore; sporangial clusters 0.5-1.5cm, 1.5 mm or less wide, mostly with 5-12 pairs of sporangia, apiculum 0.5-1 mm. Phenology:
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Seed-cones cylindric, (5–) 6–7 (–12) × 3–3.5cm, light green, dark blue, deep purple, or gray, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 2–2.5 × 2–2.5cm, densely pubescent;
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Involucres 1–8 or more per cluster, narrowly turbinate to campanulate; teeth (3–) 5–6 (–10), erect or occasionally spreading, apex acute to obtuse or rounded. Flowers
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ovoid-cylindric, dark-brown, 1–2.5cm, resinous. Leaves 2 per fascicle, spreading to upcurved, persisting 2–3 years, 8–15cm × (1.2–) 1.5 (–2) mm, slightly twisted
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glabrous, resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.2–2.5cm × 1.5–2mm, 1-ranked (particularly on lower branches) to spiraled, flexible; cross-section
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FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 14. Plants annual or perennial. Culms 1-500 cm, not woody, usually not branched above the base. Sheaths usually open, often
34 KB (1,217 words) - 04:33, 30 July 2020
revision of the North American species of Erigeron, north of Mexico. Brittonia 6: 121–302. Nesom, G. L. 1989c. Infrageneric taxonomy of New World Erigeron (Compositae:
97 KB (2,063 words) - 21:58, 29 July 2020
short-shoots 2–3.5cm × 0.6–0.8mm, 0.4–0.6mm thick, keeled abaxially, 2-angled adaxially; resin canals 40–80µm from margins, each surrounded by 6–10 epithelial
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Malvinda Boehmer Pseudomalachra (K. Schumann) Monteiro Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 310. Mentioned on page 215, 217, 239, 311. Herbs, annual
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1118. 1835. Paul A. Fryxell†, Steven R. Hill Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 215. Mentioned on page 187, 188, 192, 298, 305. Herbs, subshrubs
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entire or distantly serrulate, apex conic-acute to conic-subulate; sheath 0.5–1.5cm, scales soon recurving, shed early. Pollen cones ellipsoid, ca. 10mm, bluish
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sometimes borne singly. Calyculi 0. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series (usually in spirals, sometimes in vertical ranks), distinct, unequal
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Vesicariae, Carex sect. Vulpinae Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 420. 1754. Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek Common names: Carex laîche Treatment
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infrequently terete to subterete, usually lanceolate, sometimes ovate; florets (1) 2-6 (13), usually sexual, sometimes bulb-forming; rachillas usually terete, sometimes
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cylindric, 5–10 × 3–3.5cm, dark purple-blue to grayish purple, sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 1.5 × 2.5cm, densely pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 5–7 ×
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obconic, constricted at disc except for opening, 2–6 mm wide; sepals 5, spreading, triangular; petals 5, white, sometimes pale cream (ser. Montaninsulae)
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in Pereskia and several genera outside the flora), terete or flat, 0–3 cm (to 10 cm in Pereskia); stipules absent. Spines flexible and hairlike or bristlelike
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Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia; perianth absent or with (1–) 3–6 (–30) bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit; stamens usually
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broadly ovate to suborbiculate, 1–8 (–12) cm, length 1.6–2 times width, coriaceous to thin, lobes 0 or 1–4 or 5 (–9), sinuses usually shallow, sometimes
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corymbose, or solitary flowers. Flowers unisexual [bisexual]; sepals (4–) 5 (–6), sometimes vestigial (Cyclanthera), connate, calyx rotate, campanulate,
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emarginate to 2-fid, rarely pinnatifid [fimbriate or filiform]; stamens (2 or 4) 6 [8–24], in 2 whorls, usually tetradynamous (lateral outer pair shorter than
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yellow. Seed-cones cylindric, 8–10 (–13) × 3.5–5cm, purple, sessile, apex round to nipple-shaped; scales ca. 2 × 2cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 10–12
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or 3-5 locular, placentation free-central, basal, or axile in proximal half; ovules mostly campylotropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; styles 1-5 (-6), distinct
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below the glumes. > 6 6 Lemmas awned, awns longer than 2 mm. > 7 7 Glumes coriaceous, rigid, hispid or scabrous; lemmas awned, awns 5-14.5 mm long, subterminal
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peduncle, rarely between ovary and perianth or ovary and pedicel; perianth of 6 tepals in 2 whorls, all petaloid or sepals sometimes greener and more foliaceous
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ca. 1.5cm, resinous; scale margins fringed, apex attenuate. Leaves 3 per fascicle, spreading or ascending, persisting 4–5 years, (8–) 9–15 (–20) cm × (1–)
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margins finely serrulate, apex acute to abruptly conic-subulate; sheath 1–2.5cm, base persistent. Pollen cones cylindric, 20–40mm, yellow to yellowbrown.
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to purplish, not yellow, not 2-lipped (sometimes ± zygomorphic), lobes (4–) 5, usually ± deltate to lanceovate, sometimes lanceolate to lance-linear; anther
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lateral clefts slightly deeper than abaxial and adaxial (C. plagiotoma); petals 5, corolla white to pale greenish proximally, usually becoming green, white,
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545, 570, 615. Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 5–100 (–250+) cm (perennating bases taprooted, fibrous-rooted, branched caudices, or
30 KB (1,295 words) - 21:10, 29 July 2020
Inflorescences terminal, panicles to 30 cm or longer. Flowers fragrant, subsessile; petals white, lanceolate, 6 mm; stamens 6, long-exserted, connectives white
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mostly yellow, infrequently whitish or reddish, funnelform to tubular; tepals 6, connate basally into tube atop a typically constricted neck; limb lobes erect
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Philadelphia, n. s. 1: 166. 1848. James L. Reveal Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 331. Mentioned on page 221, 222, 223, 365. Herbs, shrubs
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Leaves 3 per fascicle, spreading-ascending, persisting (2–) 4–6 (–7) years, 12–22 (–25) cm × ca. 1.5–2mm, slightly twisted, gray to yellow-green, all surfaces
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ovoid-acuminate, pale redbrown, ca. 1cm, resinous. Leaves mostly 5 per fascicle, upcurved, persisting 10–30 years, 1.5–3.5cm × 0.8–1.2mm, mostly connivent, deep
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cymiform, or subumbelliform arrays. Calyculi 0 or 1–5+ bractlets. Involucres campanulate to cylindric, 5–12 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, usually 8, 13
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cylindric or campanulate to hemispheric, 4–22 mm diam. Phyllaries 20–84 in (3–) 4–6 (–9) series, 1 (–3) -nerved (not keeled), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate
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sometimes dioecious; cespitose, stoloniferous, or rhizomatous. Culms 2-160 cm, not woody, erect, decumbent, or geniculate, sometimes rooting at the lower
33 KB (1,388 words) - 03:56, 30 July 2020
in A. triquetrum); tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct, petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting; stamens 6, epipetalous; filaments
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occasionally sessile; perianth actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often very showy; tepals 6, distinct or less often connate proximally forming tube that may also bear
29 KB (1,493 words) - 05:37, 30 July 2020
A. Gleason, and J.H. Barnhart (eds.). North American Flora, vol. 17, part 6. New York Botanical Garden, New York, New York, U.S.A. 64 pp. Hitchcock, A
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opening along sutures into 3–5 valves, frequently splitting into 6–10 equal teeth; carpophore usually present. Seeds ca. (5–) 15–100 (–500+), reddish to
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on page 64. Mentioned on page 6, 7, 8, 43, 135. Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, (3–) 10–200 (–400+) [2500+] cm. Leaves usually cauline, sometimes
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surface shiny green; margins entire. Seed-cones ovoid to oblong, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2.5cm; scales oblong, 12–18 × 8–12mm, bases clawed, apex rounded. 2n =24.
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stout, reddish-brown, usually glabrous. Buds reddish-brown, 5–7mm, apex acute. Leaves 1–2.5cm, 4-angled in cross-section, rigid, light to dark green, bearing
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(yellow-green); margins minutely dentate. Seed-cones ovoid, (1–) 1.5–2.5 (–3) × 1–2.5cm; scales ovate, 8–15 × 6–10mm, apex round to pointed. 2n =24. Habitat: Coastal
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cespitose, with or without rhizomes, occasionally stoloniferous. Culms 5-150 (275) cm, usually glabrous and smooth throughout, sometimes scabrous or densely
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page 384. Mentioned on page 5, 6, 12, 385, 461, 471. Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs (often ± woolly annuals 1–10 cm). Leaves basal and/or cauline;
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cylindric to hemispheric or rotate. Phyllaries persistent, 4–45 (–100+) in 1–6+ series (usually distinct, ± connate in Lagascea, broadly ovate to linear,
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leaflike bracts.) Involucres cylindric to ovoid or spheric, (1–6 ×) 1–8 cm. Phyllaries many in 5–20 series, subequal or weakly to strongly, outer and middle
60 KB (2,205 words) - 13:43, 10 February 2021
Seed surfaces papillose or reticulate; stems 2–55(–60) cm; leaf blades 0.5–5.5(–6.5) cm; petals 1.6–5.5(–7) mm, white, fading or rarely pink. > 41 41 Pedicels
32 KB (1,609 words) - 21:02, 7 June 2022
Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; sepals sometimes persistent in fruit, 3-5 (-6), green or sometimes purple, yellow, or white, plane (base saccate in R.
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tepals 6, similar, fleshy, distinct to or connate at base, whitish to cream or tinged slightly with green or purple, occasionally pubescent; stamens 6; filaments
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37 37 Fruits 3-5.5 mm wide; seeds 3-6.5(-8) × 2-4.5 mm, wing (0.8-)1.2-2.5 mm wide > 38 37 Fruits 2-3.2 mm wide; seeds 2.5-3.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm, wing 0.2-0
73 KB (2,294 words) - 12:15, 30 July 2020
flowers with 3–5-parted calyx, ebracteate; stamens 3–5. Pistillate flowers lacking perianth, pistil naked, or in few species with (1–) 3–5-lobed perianth
45 KB (1,022 words) - 09:34, 30 July 2020
page 254. Mentioned on page 3, 5, 6, 76, 255, 257, 300, 301, 306. Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, (0.5–) 1–250 cm. Leaves mostly basal, or basal
15 KB (799 words) - 23:36, 29 July 2020
these often sharply distinct from the blades of the cauline leaves. Culms 5-150 cm, herbaceous, hollow, usually erect or ascending, rarely sprawling, in the
26 KB (1,343 words) - 04:00, 30 July 2020
with 2–20+ spikes, 1–1.5 times as long as wide in fruit; proximal bracts scalelike or bristlelike, rarely leaflike, not more than 5 cm, not more than 2 times
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Mentioned on page 51, 136, 148, 149, 157, 170. Annuals or perennials, (5–) 20–300 (–500) cm. Stems erect or ascending to decumbent or procumbent, usually branched
32 KB (1,118 words) - 23:14, 29 July 2020
campanulate to hemispheric, 2–6+ mm diam.; pistillate turbinate or campanulate to cylindric, 3–7 (–9+) mm diam. Phyllaries in 3–6+ series, usually relatively
38 KB (2,648 words) - 20:30, 29 July 2020
(minutely reticulate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent. x = 6–12. North America, Mexico, South America (Andes), South America (Colombia to
85 KB (2,094 words) - 12:08, 30 July 2020
combination of these, ovate or obovate to linear, sometimes clawed; stamens 6, alternating in 2 whorls of 3, erect, incurved, or divergent; filaments mostly
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base (split to base in Tolmiea); sepals usually (4–) 5 (–6), distinct; petals usually (4–) 5 (–6) or absent, distinct, lobed or unlobed; nectary disc often
27 KB (1,591 words) - 13:14, 30 July 2020
most species, remaining dry and partially adherent to the seed in 5. heterolepis and 5. clandestinus. Cleistogamous spikelets occasionally present in the
22 KB (1,094 words) - 04:32, 30 July 2020
explanate, rarely saccate, dehiscing completely, rarely incompletely, distal 1/5–2/3 sometimes indehiscent, connective splitting, rarely not, sides glabrous
36 KB (1,140 words) - 19:13, 29 July 2020
Flowers (5–) 8–20 (–26) mm diam.; epicalyx bractlets (4 or) 5 (–10); hypanthium patelliform to cupulate, rarely turbinate, 0.5–2.5 (–5) × (1.5–) 2–7 (–10)
31 KB (1,939 words) - 13:53, 30 July 2020
leaf blades mostly 3–8+ cm and radiate heads with yellow corollas (laminae mostly 15–25+ mm) borne on peduncles mostly 3–15+ cm are cultivated in warm areas
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mostly laminar, sometimes subterete, turgid ± throughout. Cymes: branches 2-3 (-6), simple or bifurcate; cincinni circinate or not. Pedicels erect to pendent
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FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 602. Plants usually perennial. Culms 7-600 cm, annual, not woody, often reddish or purple, particularly at the nodes, often
31 KB (2,561 words) - 04:21, 30 July 2020
tomentose, sometimes muriculate. Seeds 6–75, spherical or ovoid, glabrous, often arillate with elaiosome. x = 6, 7. Nearly worldwide, temperate regions
39 KB (2,374 words) - 11:16, 30 July 2020
3.1–12 × 0.6–2.6 cm, apex usually acute; petals 3, ridged abaxially, with 2 adaxial longitudinal median rounded ridges, 3–11.2 × 0.6–3.4 cm, apex usually
37 KB (2,628 words) - 05:42, 30 July 2020
Vaccinioideae); hypanthium absent; sepals absent or (2–) 4–5 (–7), distinct or connate basally; petals (2–) 4–5 (–8), rarely absent or highly reduced, connate or
33 KB (1,383 words) - 13:10, 30 July 2020
stipelike; perianth green, pinkish, or red, campanulate, glabrous; tepals (5–) 6, connate proximally, sepaloid, dimorphic, outer 3 remaining small, inner
41 KB (1,085 words) - 10:05, 30 July 2020
resinous. Leaves dimorphic, spirally arranged; foliage leaves (needles) (1–) 2–5 (–6) per fascicle, persisting 2–12 or more years, terete or ± 2–3-angled and
29 KB (1,428 words) - 00:26, 30 July 2020
branches racemelike), 5–20 (–50) -flowered, (partially developing with new stem growth and dormant (immature inflorescences) for 6–9 months, usually pendent
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veins. Inflorescences spikes, usually exserted, with 1-3 (5) spikelets per node, internodes (1.5) 2-26 mm; rachises with scabridulous, scabrous, or ciliate
45 KB (3,070 words) - 03:00, 30 July 2020
(3–) 5 (–6), valvate or slightly imbricate, distinct or connate basally; petals (3–) 5 (–6) or 0, distinct, white; nectary extrastaminal, usually 5 glands;
24 KB (874 words) - 18:18, 29 July 2020
Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series, usually distinct (sometimes connate and forming hardened perigynia
30 KB (1,803 words) - 22:30, 29 July 2020
surface of style arm at base of crest; ovary terete or roundly 3-angled or 6-angled or grooved. Fruits capsular, wall papery or becoming dry and hardened
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hairy and/or glanddotted; pappi falling, fragile, or persistent, usually of 6–80 distinct or basally connate bristles, or of 4–20 distinct (or basally connate)
17 KB (818 words) - 23:57, 29 July 2020
± purple, ± red, or reddish-brown. Seed-cones oblong-cylindric, 10–15 × 5–6.5cm, green, red, or purple, overlaid with green bracts, at maturity brown (bracts
8 KB (588 words) - 00:23, 30 July 2020
sepaloid bracteoles absent; perianth hypogynous; sepals usually imbricate, 3-6 (-20), distinct, often petaloid and colored, occasionally spurred; petals 0-26
13 KB (392 words) - 08:32, 30 July 2020
Plateilema, Psathyrotes, Psilostrophe, Tetraneuris, Trichoptilium Lessing Linnaea 6: 516. 1831. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment
13 KB (688 words) - 22:34, 29 July 2020
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 82. Mentioned on page 5, 6, 8, 12, 95, 172, 176, 195. Annuals or perennials (sometimes coarse and/or
15 KB (836 words) - 20:05, 29 July 2020
length of inner, inner apically weakly to strongly clavate [(0.5–in S. sphacelata) 1.5–5 (–7.3) mm]. x = 9. North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia
18 KB (1,000 words) - 21:32, 29 July 2020
expanded, limb 5-lobed; stamens 3–6, exserted; styles exserted beyond stamens; stigmas capitate. Fruits radially symmetric, with (4–) 5 round or angular
15 KB (526 words) - 09:38, 30 July 2020
0.2–1.6 mm. > 33 33 Involucres 0.4–0.6 × 0.5–0.9 mm, glands 0.1 × 0.1–0.2 mm, appendages absent. Euphorbia micromera 33 Involucres 0.6–2.5 × 0.5–2.4 mm
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proximal node, 0.3–2.5 × 0.2–1.8 cm, usually scalelike distally, 1–5 × 0.5–3 mm. Involucres 1 per node, turbinate to campanulate, 1–6 × (1–) 1.5–10 mm, tomentose
27 KB (1,609 words) - 10:41, 30 July 2020
connate basally), white to pink, blue, or violet, equal, rarely clawed; stamens 6, all fertile, equal; filaments bearded or glabrous; ovary 3-locular, ovules
17 KB (671 words) - 00:52, 30 July 2020
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 372. Mentioned on page 6, 365, 366, 367, 373, 427. Subshrubs or herbs, annual (fibrous-rooted or taprooted)
49 KB (1,607 words) - 18:59, 29 July 2020
Munz (1942, 1944), H. Hara (1953), and others. H. E. Baillon (1866–1895, vol. 6) was the first author to merge Isnardia and Jussiaea under Ludwigia, and consequently
30 KB (1,654 words) - 21:01, 7 June 2022