View source for Sonchus ← Sonchus You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Sonchus |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=2: 793. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 347. 1754 |year=1754 }} |common_names=Sow-thistle;laiteron |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae;Sonchus |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Sonchus]]</div></div> |etymology=Greek sonchos, ancient name for a kind of thistle |volume=Volume 19 |mention_page=page 219, 274 |treatment_page=page 273 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration"><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, or perennials [shrubs], 3–350+ cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism duration;whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism architecture;whole-organism duration">taprooted, rhizomatous, or stoloniferous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, branched distally or throughout, usually glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular (mostly distally).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline or mostly cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="basal leaf architecture;cauline leaf architecture">basal usually petiolate (petioles usually winged), cauline often sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape">blades mostly oblong, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, (bases often auriculate) margins usually 1 (–2) -pinnately lobed, ultimate margins usually dentate (teeth often ± prickly), sometimes entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="array architecture"><b>Heads </b>borne in corymbiform to subumbelliform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="peduncle shape;peduncle architecture;peduncle pubescence;peduncle pubescence;peduncle pubescence"><b>Peduncles </b>not notably dilated distally, usually ± bracteolate, glabrous or stipitate-glandular and/or tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="calyculus presence"><b>Calyculi </b>0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>campanulate to urceolate, 5–15+ mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="phyllary quantity;phyllary size;phyllary coloration;phyllary shape;series quantity;margin texture;apex shape"><b>Phyllaries </b>27–50 in 3–5+ series, unequal, green, deltate to lanceolate or linear, margins sometimes narrowly scarious (sometimes ciliate), apices acute (faces glabrous or stipitate to setose-glandular).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle relief;receptacle pubescence;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>flat to convex, ± pitted, glabrous, epaleate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="floret atypical quantity;floret atypical quantity;floret quantity"><b>Florets </b>[30–] 80–250 [–450+];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration">corollas yellow to orange (not deliquescent; anthers yellowish to brownish apically).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;beak presence;rib atypical quantity;rib quantity;face relief;face relief;face pubescence"><b>Cypselae </b>stramineous or reddish to dark-brown, ± compressed, mostly oblong or oblanceoloid to ellipsoid, beaks 0, ribs usually 2–4 (–5+) on each face, faces sometimes transversely rugulose or tuberculate, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="pappus life cycle;pappus duration;bristle quantity;bristle coloration;bristle architecture;bristle architecture;outer bristle fusion;series quantity;series quantity">pappi tardily falling or persistent, of 80–100+, white, smooth or barbellulate bristles (some flattened, ± setiform scales), outer usually distinct in ± 1 series, inner basally coherent or connate, in 2–3+ series.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="inner bristle fusion;inner bristle fusion;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Europe (Mediterranean);w Asia;n Africa;Atlantic Islands;some species nearly worldwide |introduced=true |discussion=<p>Species 50–60+ (5 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Sonchus species are herbs in North America; some are sometimes woody at bases.</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=boulos1973a |text=Boulos, L. 1973. Révision systématique du genre Sonchus L. s.l.: IV. Sous-genre: 1. Sonchus. Bot. Not. 126: 155–196. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf base auricles often recurved or curled, rounded; ligules shorter than tubes; cypselae strongly compressed, ± winged, ribs 3 on each face, faces not rugulose or tuberculate; annuals or biennials |[[Sonchus asper|Sonchus asper]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf base auricles usually straight, sometimes curved, obtuse or acute; ligules shorter or longer than tubes; cypselae weakly compressed, ribs 2–5+ on each face, faces transversely rugulose or tuberculate; annuals, biennials, or perennials |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Annuals or biennials; stem bases soft to hard, herbaceous, often hollow |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Perennials; stem bases hard, sometimes ± woody |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Leaf blade lobes ± deltate to lanceolate (not constricted at bases), the terminal usually larger than laterals; ligules ± equaling tubes; widespread |[[Sonchus oleraceus|Sonchus oleraceus]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Leaf blade lobes ± rhombic to lanceolate (constricted at bases) or ± linear, the terminal ± equaling laterals; ligules longer than tubes; occasional, mostly historic on ballast |[[Sonchus tenerrimus|Sonchus tenerrimus]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Cauline leaf base auricles rounded; cypselae dark brown, 2.5–3.5 mm; pappi 8–14 mm; widespread |[[Sonchus arvensis|Sonchus arvensis]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Cauline leaf base auricles acute; cypselae stramineous, 3.5–4 mm; pappi 7–9 mm; Ontario |[[Sonchus palustris|Sonchus palustris]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Sonchus |author=Philip E. Hyatt |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Asteraceae |illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=Europe (Mediterranean);w Asia;n Africa;Atlantic Islands;some species nearly worldwide |introduced=true |reference=boulos1973a |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753;1754 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_375.xml |tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae |genus=Sonchus |apex shape=acute |array architecture=corymbiform;subumbelliform |basal leaf architecture=petiolate |beak presence=absent |blade shape=lanceolate;oblanceolate;lanceolate;oblanceolate;oblong |bristle architecture=barbellulate;smooth |bristle coloration=white |bristle quantity=80;100 |calyculus presence=absent |cauline leaf architecture=sessile |corolla coloration=yellow;orange |cypsela coloration=reddish;dark-brown |cypsela shape=oblanceoloid;ellipsoid |face pubescence=glabrous |face relief=tuberculate;rugulose |floret atypical quantity=250;450 |floret quantity=80;250 |inner bristle fusion=connate;coherent |involucre diameter=5mm;15mm |involucre shape=campanulate;urceolate |leaf position=cauline;cauline;basal |margin shape=lobed |margin texture=scarious |outer bristle fusion=distinct |pappus duration=persistent |pappus life cycle=falling |peduncle architecture=bracteolate |peduncle pubescence=tomentose;stipitate-glandular;glabrous |peduncle shape=dilated |phyllary coloration=green |phyllary quantity=27;50 |phyllary shape=deltate;lanceolate or linear |phyllary size=unequal |receptacle architecture=epaleate |receptacle pubescence=glabrous |receptacle relief=pitted |receptacle shape=flat;convex |rib atypical quantity=4;5 |rib quantity=2;4 |series quantity=2;3 |stem architecture=branched |stem orientation=erect |stem pubescence=stipitate-glandular;glabrous |ultimate margin architecture or shape=entire;dentate |whole-organism architecture=taprooted;stoloniferous;rhizomatous;stoloniferous;rhizomatous;taprooted |whole-organism duration=perennial;biennial;annual |whole-organism some measurement=3cm;350cm |x chromosome quantity=9 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Asteraceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Sonchus.