View source for Prenanthes serpentaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Prenanthes serpentaria
|accepted_authority=Pursh
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Amer. Sept.
|place=2: 499, plate 24. 1813
|year=1813
}}
|common_names=Cankerweed;lion’s-foot;gall-of-the-earth;butterweed
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Nabalus fraseri
|authority=de Candolle
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Nabalus integrifolius
|authority=Cassini
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Nabalus serpentarius
|authority=(Pursh) Hooker
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Prenanthes integrifolia
|authority=(Cassini) Small
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae;Prenanthes;Prenanthes serpentaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Prenanthes]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Prenanthes serpentaria]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 265, 271
|treatment_page=page 270
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>50–200+ cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot height or length or size;taproot width">taproots short and thick, with lateral storage roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem coloration;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, green to reddish or purple mottled, proximally glabrous, distally sparsely tomentulose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="proximal leaf life cycle"><b>Leaves:</b> proximal often withered by flowering;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf architecture">petiolate (petioles 1–10 cm, often with pair of lobes);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade width;blade texture;margin shape;lobe size;lobe shape;lobe architecture or shape;sinuse size;sinuse shape;sinuse architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades deltate to ovate or elliptic, 5–20 × 4–10 cm, coriaceous, margins usually deeply, pinnately 3–5-lobed, lobes and sinuses large and ± rounded, sometimes deeply cleft to base or palmately divided, apices acute or obtuse, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous or finely tomentose on veins;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="cauline leaf architecture;cauline leaf architecture">cauline sessile or petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="distal leaf size;distal leaf shape;distal leaf architecture or shape">distal reduced in size and lobing, often entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="array width;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>(6–12 in nodding clusters) in broad, paniculiform to corymbiform arrays (often widely branching and subdichotomous, at least some branches elongate).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="calyculus coloration;calyculus shape;bractlet some measurement;bractlet pubescence"><b>Calyculi </b>of 8–10, green to purple, triangular to subulate bractlets 1–4 mm, often tomentulose to setose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width"><b>Involucres </b>cylindric (often attenuate basally to bracteate peduncles), 12–15 × 4–5 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary quantity;phyllary coloration;phyllary coloration or density;phyllary shape;phyllary some measurement;phyllary pubescence;phyllary fixation or orientation;phyllary pubescence;phyllary size;phyllary quantity;phyllary relief;seta fixation or orientation"><b>Phyllaries </b>(7–) 8– (10), green or often purple, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 10–13 mm, sparsely hispid to appressed, coarsely setose, often reduced to single coarse, appressed seta (setae green or tan).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="floret atypical quantity;floret atypical quantity;floret quantity"><b>Florets </b>(8–) 10–14 (–19);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla some measurement">corollas usually yellow to pale-yellow, 9–15 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela some measurement;cypsela architecture or shape"><b>Cypselae </b>golden brown to light tan, subcylindric, subterete or angled, 5–8 mm, indistinctly 8–10-ribbed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="pappus coloration;pappus some measurement;2n chromosome quantity">pappi tan, 7–8 mm. <b>2n</b> = 16.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering Aug–Oct.
|habitat=Oak-hickory woodlands, borders, oak flats, pine woods, sandy areas
|elevation=100–1700 m
|distribution=Ala.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Ky.;Md.;Mass.;Miss.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Va.;W.Va.
|discussion=<p>Prenanthes serpentaria is generally recognized by its large, deeply 3–5-lobed proximal leaves with rounded sinuses and lobes, winged petioles, attenuate involucres, sparsely setose phyllaries, and yellow corollas. The leaves are variable in size and lobing, often on the same plant. Some specimens have predominantly ovate to elliptic, unlobed leaves, and these have been variously recognized. Some specimens appear to combine characteristics of P. crepidinea or P. trifoliolata and may be the result of recent or ancient hybridization. The species boundaries in this group merit further study.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Prenanthes serpentaria
|authority=Pursh
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Nabalus fraseri;Nabalus integrifolius;Nabalus serpentarius;Prenanthes integrifolia
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|phenology=Flowering Aug–Oct.
|habitat=Oak-hickory woodlands, borders, oak flats, pine woods, sandy areas
|elevation=100–1700 m
|distribution=Ala.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Ky.;Md.;Mass.;Miss.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.C.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Va.;W.Va.
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Amer. Sept.
|publication year=1813
|special status=Illustrated;Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_371.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae
|genus=Prenanthes
|species=Prenanthes serpentaria
|2n chromosome quantity=16
|apex shape=obtuse;acute;divided
|array architecture=paniculiform;corymbiform
|array width=broad
|blade length=5cm;20cm
|blade shape=deltate;ovate or elliptic
|blade texture=coriaceous
|blade width=4cm;10cm
|bractlet pubescence=tomentulose;setose
|bractlet some measurement=1mm;4mm
|calyculus coloration=green;purple
|calyculus shape=triangular;subulate
|cauline leaf architecture=petiolate;sessile
|corolla coloration=usually yellow;pale-yellow
|corolla some measurement=9mm;15mm
|cypsela architecture or shape=8-10-ribbed
|cypsela coloration=golden brown;light tan
|cypsela shape=angled;subterete;subcylindric
|cypsela some measurement=5mm;8mm
|distal leaf architecture or shape=entire
|distal leaf shape=lobing
|distal leaf size=reduced
|face pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|floret atypical quantity=14;19
|floret quantity=10;14
|involucre length=12mm;15mm
|involucre shape=cylindric
|involucre width=4mm;5mm
|leaf architecture=petiolate
|lobe architecture or shape=cleft
|lobe shape=rounded
|lobe size=large
|margin shape=3-5-lobed
|pappus coloration=tan
|pappus some measurement=7mm;8mm
|phyllary atypical quantity=10;7;8
|phyllary coloration=green
|phyllary coloration or density=purple
|phyllary fixation or orientation=appressed
|phyllary pubescence=setose;hispid
|phyllary quantity=single;8;8
|phyllary relief=coarse
|phyllary shape=narrowly lanceolate;elliptic
|phyllary size=reduced
|phyllary some measurement=10mm;13mm
|proximal leaf life cycle=withered
|seta fixation or orientation=appressed
|sinuse architecture or shape=cleft
|sinuse shape=rounded
|sinuse size=large
|stem coloration=green;reddish or purple mottled
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=tomentulose;glabrous
|taproot height or length or size=short
|taproot width=thick
|ultimate margin architecture or shape=dentate;entire
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=50cm;200cm
}}<!--

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