View source for Polygonaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Polygonaceae
|accepted_authority=Jussieu
|publications=
|common_names=Buckwheat Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 217, 483, 528, 535, 602
|treatment_page=page 216
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form"><b>Trees,</b> shrubs, vines, or herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual, homophyllous (heterophyllous in some species of Polygonum), polycarpic (rarely monocarpic in Eriogonum);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root texture;root architecture;root architecture;taproot architecture;taproot architecture">roots fibrous or a solid or, rarely, chambered taproot, rarely tuberous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem growth form;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem architecture or function or pubescence;spine orientation"><b>Stems </b>prostrate to erect, sometimes scandent or scapose, solid or hollow, rarely with recurved spines (some species of Persicaria), glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="node shape;node shape">nodes swollen or not;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="tendril presence">tendrils absent (except in Antigonon and Brunnichia);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="branch fusion">branches free (adnate to stems distal to nodes and appearing to arise internodally in Polygonella);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="caudex stem architecture or arrangement;caudex stem orientation;caudex stem orientation;caudex stem texture;soil orientation;surface orientation">caudex stems (subfam. Eriogonoideae) tightly compact to spreading and at or just below the soil surface or spreading to erect and above the soil surface, woody;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flowering-stem location;flowering-stem growth form or orientation;flowering-stem growth form or orientation;flowering-stem orientation;flowering-stem architecture;flowering-stem shape;flowering-stem architecture;branch location;root size;segment shape">aerial flowering-stems prostrate or decumbent to erect, arising at nodes of caudex branches, at distal nodes of aerial branches, or directly from the root, slender to stout and solid or slightly to distinctly fistulose, rarely disarticulating in ringlike segments (Eriogonum).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf position;leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous (persistent in Coccoloba and sometimes more than 1 year in Antigonon, Eriogonum, Chorizanthe, and Polygonella), basal or basal and cauline, rosulate, mostly alternate, infrequently opposite or whorled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule duration;stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule pubescence or texture;stipule texture;stipule texture;stipule architecture">stipule (ocrea) absent (subfam. Eriogonoideae, possibly vestigial in some perennial species of Chorizanthe) or present (subfam. Polygonoideae), persistent or deciduous, cylindric to funnelform, sometimes 2-lobed (Polygonum), chartaceous, membranous, coriaceous or partially to entirely foliaceous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence;petiole architecture">petiole present or absent, rarely articulate basally (Fagopyrum, Polygonella, Polygonum), rarely with extrafloral nectaries (Fallopia, Muehlenbeckia);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="blade architecture;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture">blade simple, margins entire, occasionally crenulate, crisped, undulate, or lobed, rarely awn-tipped (Goodmania).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties=""><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal or terminal and axillary, cymose and dichotomously or trichotomously branched, or racemose, umbellate, or capitate (subfam. Eriogonoideae);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape;inflorescence architecture or shape;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence architecture">or spikelike, racemelike, paniclelike, cymelike, or, rarely, capitate (subfam. Polygonoideae), comprising simple or branched clusters of compound inflorescences;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="bract presence;bract quantity;bract fusion;bract length;bract architecture;bract architecture;bract shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture;margin pubescence;margin pubescence">bracts absent (subfam. Polygonoideae), or 2–10+, usually connate proximally or to 1/2 their length, rarely perfoliate, foliaceous or scalelike, margins entire, sometimes awn-tipped (subfam. Eriogonoideae, rarely absent in Eriogonum), glabrous or pubescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="">peduncle present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="peduncle presence;peduncle presence;peduncle arrangement;involucral-bract position;involucre texture;involucre shape;bracteole fusion;tube duration;tube texture">clusters of flowers subtended by involucral-bracts or enclosed in typically nonmembranous tubular involucres (subfam. Eriogonoideae) or subtended by connate bracteoles forming a persistent membranous tube (ocreola) (subfam. Polygonoideae).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel presence;pedicel size;pedicel architecture"><b>Pedicels </b>present or absent, rarely accrescent (Brunnichia), articulate to flowers.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower quantity;base shape;base position or shape"><b>Flowers </b>usually bisexual, sometimes bisexual and unisexual on same or different plants, rarely unisexual only, 1–many, often with stipelike base distal to articulation;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="perianth duration;perianth size;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth architecture;perianth shape;perianth shape;perianth texture;perianth texture;perianth texture;perianth texture;perianth texture;tubercle development;tubercle prominence;tubercle pubescence;tubercle pubescence;tubercle architecture or function or pubescence;tubercle coloration or relief">perianth persistent, often accrescent in fruit, often greenish, white, pink, yellow, red, or purple, rarely winged or keeled (Fallopia and some species of Polygonum), campanulate to urceolate, sometimes membranous, indurate (Brunnichia and Emex), or fleshy (Coccoloba, Muehlenbeckia, and some species of Persicaria) in fruit, rarely developing raised tubercles proximally (Rumex), glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular or glandular-punctate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal fusion;tepal architecture;tepal architecture;tepal growth form;tepal architecture;tepal texture;tepal architecture or shape;tepal shape;tepal shape;tepal architecture;whorl quantity">tepals 2–6, distinct or connate proximally and forming tube, usually in 2 whorls, petaloid or sepaloid, dimorphic or monomorphic, rarely coriaceous (Lastarriaea), entire, emarginate, or lobed to laciniate apically, rarely awn-tipped (Lastarriaea);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="">nectary a disk at base of ovary or glands associated with bases of filaments;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;staminode presence">stamens (1–) 6–9, staminode rarely present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="filament fusion;filament fusion;filament fusion;filament fusion;filament fusion;filament fusion;filament pubescence;filament pubescence">filaments distinct, or connate basally and sometimes forming staminal tube, free or adnate to perianth-tube, glabrous or pubescent proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="anther dehiscence;slit dehiscence or orientation">anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;pistil architecture">pistil 1, (rudimentary pistil sometimes present in staminate flowers of monoecious or dioecious taxa), (2–) 3 (–4) -carpellate, homostylous (heterostylous in some species of Fagopyrum and Persicaria);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 1-locular (sometimes with vestigial partitions proximally);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="ovule quantity;ovule orientation;ovule orientation;ovule orientation">ovule 1, orthotropous or, rarely, anatropous, placentation basal or free-central;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="style quantity;style orientation;style fusion;style fusion">styles 1–3, erect to spreading or recurved, distinct or connate proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s29" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma architecture;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape">stigmas 1 per style, peltate, capitate, fimbriate, or penicillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s30" data-properties="fruits achene position;fruits achene position;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene coloration;fruits achene reproduction;fruits achene architecture;fruits achene architecture;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene shape;fruits achene pubescence;fruits achene pubescence"><b>Fruits </b>achenes, included or exserted, yellowish, brown, red, or black, homocarpic (sometimes heterocarpic in Polygonum), winged or unwinged, 2-gonous, 3-gonous, discoid, biconvex, lenticular, rarely 4-gonous or spheroidal, glabrous or pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s31" data-properties="seed quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s32" data-properties="endosperm quantity;endosperm pubescence or texture;endosperm development">endosperm usually abundant, mealy, development nuclear;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s33" data-properties="embryo course;embryo course;embryo architecture or shape">embryo straight or curved, rarely folded.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Widespread;well represented in the north-temperate zone
|discussion=<p>Genera 48, species ca. 1200 (35 genera, 442 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Monophyly of Polygonaceae is well supported by molecular studies (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; P. Cuénoud et al. 2002; A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron 2003), which place it sister to Plumbaginaceae. Wood anatomy also supports this relationship (S. Carlquist 2003). Polygonaceae has been divided variously into subfamilies (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965; K. Haraldson 1978; J. Brandbyge 1993); two often are recognized based on morphological evidence: Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Recent studies using the chloroplast gene rbcL suggest Eriogonoideae are monophyletic and Polygonoideae are paraphyletic (Lamb Frye and Kron). Generic limits have been much debated, particularly the circumscription of Polygonum in the broad sense. Morphological, cytological, palynological, and anatomical data, although useful in resolving some questions about the circumscriptions and relationships of genera, have not provided a consensus regarding relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple base chromosome numbers have been documented in some genera, and polyploidy is common. The classification used here generally follows J. L. Reveal (1978) for Eriogonoideae and Haraldson for Polygonoideae.</p><!--
--><p>A characteristic feature of the family is the ocrea, a nodal sheath variously interpreted as an outgrowth of the sheathing base of the petiole, as connate stipules, or as an expanded axillary stipule (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965). It is absent in subfamily Eriogonoideae except in some perennial, South American members of Chorizanthe, where it is rudimentary (J. L. Reveal 1978).</p><!--
--><p>The flowers of Polygonaceae have been studied extensively. Most researchers concluded that six tepals is the primitive condition in the family (R. A. Laubengayer 1937), but A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron (2003) concluded that five tepals is the primitive condition, and that taxa with six or four tepals evolved multiple times within the family. The same molecular study also suggested parallel evolution of growth forms and woodiness. Floral nectaries are useful generic characters in the Polygonoideae (L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988) but their utility in floristic treatments is limited because of their small size. In some genera of Polygonaceae, the outer tepals are connate and form a slender, stipelike hypanthium base above the articulation with the true pedicel. In the Polygonoideae treatments, pedicel refers to the true pedicel plus the stipelike hypanthium above the articulation; in Eriogonoideae, stipe refers only to the stipelike hypanthium base, and pedicel is applied only to the true pedicel.</p><!--
--><p>Members of the family are of relatively minor economic importance (A. N. Steward 1930; S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965). Fagopyrum has been cultivated for millennia, Coccoloba produce edible fruits, and the petioles of Rheum and leaves of some species of Rumex are edible. Many species have been used as food or medicine or for ceremonies by various tribes of Native Americans. Outside the flora area, the family includes some tropical trees harvested for timber (Coccoloba and Triplaris). Some species of Fallopia, Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex are cosmopolitan weeds, and Emex is a pernicious weed in parts of the world. Of the 35 genera in the flora, four are entirely non-native: Emex, Fagopyrum, Muehlenbeckia, and Rheum. Antigonon and Coccoloba are popular ornamentals in the southern part of the flora region. Many species of Erigonoum are planted in rock gardens. Persicaria species are important wetland plants because waterfowl consume their fruits.</p><!--
--><p>Mechanisms for achene dispersal vary greatly. Hooked or awned involucres occur in many genera of subfam. Eriogonoideae. The outer tepals of the perianth expand into wings (Fallopia) or spines (Emex), or the achene has wings (Eriogonum alatum, Oxyria, Rheum, and Rumex), which aid in dispersal by wind or water. The achenes are forcibly tossed from the plant in Persicaria virginiana, and persistent, hooked styles aid in their transport by animals. In Coccoloba, the fleshy tube of the tepals aids in dispersal by birds.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=brandbyge1993a
|text=Brandbyge, J. 1993. Polygonaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 4+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 2, pp. 531–544.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=carlquist2003a
|text=Carlquist, S. 2003. Wood anatomy of Polygonaceae: Analysis of a family with exceptional wood diversity. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: 25–51.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=frye-a
|text=Frye, A. S. and K. A. Kron. 2003. rbcL phylogeny and character evolution in Polygonaceae. Syst. Bot. 28: 326–332.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=graham1965a
|text=Graham, S. A. and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965. The genera of Polygonaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 91–113.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jaretzky1928a
|text=Jaretzky, R. 1928. Histologische und karyologische Studien an Polygonaceen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 69: 357–490. Lamb
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=laubengayer1937a
|text=Laubengayer, R. A. 1937. Studies in the anatomy and morphology of the polygonaceous flower. Amer. J. Bot. 24: 329–343.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=roberty1964a
|text=Roberty, G. E. and S. Vautier. 1964. Les genres de Polygonacées. Boissiera 10: 7–128.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Ocreae absent; nodes not swollen; flowers usually enclosed in involucres or subtended byinvolucral bracts, these rarely absent (in Gilmania)
|[[Polygonaceae subfam. Eriogonoideae|Polygonaceae subfam. Eriogonoideae]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Ocreae present, persistent or deciduous; nodes usually swollen; flowers not enclosed in involucres or associated with involucral bracts
|[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae|Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Polygonaceae
|author=Craig C. Freeman;James L. Reveal
|authority=Jussieu
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Polygonaceae
|distribution=Widespread;well represented in the north-temperate zone
|reference=brandbyge1993a;carlquist2003a;frye-a;graham1965a;jaretzky1928a;laubengayer1937a;roberty1964a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_442.xml
|anther dehiscence=dehiscing
|base position or shape=distal
|base shape=stipelike
|blade architecture=simple
|bract architecture=foliaceous;perfoliate
|bract fusion=connate
|bract length=0;1/2
|bract presence=absent
|bract quantity=2;10
|bract shape=scale-like
|bracteole fusion=connate
|branch fusion=free
|branch location=aerial
|caudex stem architecture or arrangement=compact
|caudex stem orientation=just below the soil surface or and above the soil surface;spreading
|caudex stem texture=woody
|embryo architecture or shape=folded
|embryo course=curved;straight
|endosperm development=nuclear
|endosperm pubescence or texture=mealy
|endosperm quantity=abundant
|filament fusion=adnate;free;connate;distinct;connate;distinct
|filament pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|flower quantity=1;many
|flower reproduction=unisexual;unisexual;bisexual;bisexual
|flowering-stem architecture=disarticulating;solid
|flowering-stem growth form or orientation=decumbent to erect;prostrate
|flowering-stem location=aerial
|flowering-stem orientation=arising
|flowering-stem shape=fistulose
|fruits achene architecture=unwinged;winged
|fruits achene coloration=black;red;black;red;brown;yellowish
|fruits achene position=exserted;included
|fruits achene pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|fruits achene reproduction=homocarpic
|fruits achene shape=spheroidal;4-gonous;lenticular;biconvex;discoid;3-gonous;2-gonous
|inflorescence architecture=compound;branched;simple;capitate;umbellate;capitate;umbellate;branched;cymose
|inflorescence architecture or shape=capitate
|inflorescence arrangement=cluster;racemose
|inflorescence position=axillary
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal;terminal
|inflorescence shape=cymelike;paniclelike;racemelike;spikelike
|involucral-bract position=enclosed
|involucre shape=tubular
|involucre texture=nonmembranous
|leaf arrangement=whorled;opposite;alternate;rosulate
|leaf duration=deciduous
|leaf position=cauline;basal;basal
|margin architecture=awn-tipped;awn-tipped
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|margin shape=lobed;undulate;lobed;undulate;crisped;crenulate;entire
|node shape=not;swollen
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|ovule orientation=anatropous;,;orthotropous
|ovule quantity=1
|pedicel architecture=articulate
|pedicel presence=absent;absent
|pedicel size=accrescent
|peduncle arrangement=cluster
|peduncle presence=absent;absent
|perianth architecture=winged
|perianth coloration=purple;red;purple;red;yellow;pink;white;greenish
|perianth duration=persistent
|perianth shape=campanulate;urceolate
|perianth size=accrescent
|perianth texture=fleshy;indurate;fleshy;indurate;membranous
|petiole architecture=articulate
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|pistil architecture=homostylous;(2-)3(-4)-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|root architecture=,;solid
|root size=slender;stout
|root texture=fibrous
|seed quantity=1
|segment shape=ringlike
|slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|soil orientation=spreading;erect
|spine orientation=recurved
|stamen atypical quantity=1;6
|stamen quantity=6;9
|staminode presence=absent
|stem architecture=hollow;solid;scapose
|stem architecture or function or pubescence=glandular
|stem growth form=scandent
|stem orientation=prostrate;erect
|stem pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|stigma architecture=peltate
|stigma quantity=1
|stigma shape=penicillate;fimbriate;penicillate;fimbriate;capitate
|stipule architecture=foliaceous
|stipule duration=deciduous;persistent
|stipule presence=absent;absent
|stipule pubescence or texture=chartaceous
|stipule shape=2-lobed;cylindric
|stipule texture=coriaceous;membranous
|style fusion=connate;distinct
|style orientation=erect;spreading or recurved
|style quantity=1;3
|surface orientation=spreading;erect
|taproot architecture=tuberous;chambered
|tendril presence=absent
|tepal architecture=awn-tipped;monomorphic;sepaloid;petaloid
|tepal architecture or shape=entire
|tepal fusion=connate;distinct
|tepal growth form=dimorphic
|tepal quantity=2;6
|tepal shape=lobed;laciniate
|tepal texture=coriaceous
|tube duration=persistent
|tube texture=membranous
|tubercle architecture or function or pubescence=glandular
|tubercle coloration or relief=glandular-punctate
|tubercle development=developing
|tubercle prominence=raised
|tubercle pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|whole_organism architecture=homophyllous;homophyllous;homophyllous
|whole_organism duration=annual;biennial;annual;biennial;perennial;annual;biennial;annual;biennial;perennial;annual;biennial;annual;biennial;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb;vine;shrub;tree
|whole_organism reproduction=polycarpic;polycarpic;polycarpic
|whorl quantity=2
}}<!--

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