View source for Xyridaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Xyridaceae
|accepted_authority=C. Agardh
|publications=
|common_names=Yellow-eyed-grass Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Xyridaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Xyridaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 22
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 154
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--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;heliophyte growth form or habitat;wetland taste"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial or annual, mostly heliophytes of acidic wetlands, rarely aquatic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>alternate, 2-ranked (occasionally many-ranked);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="base arrangement;base architecture;base architecture">base equitant, sheathing or open, sometimes with ligule or auricles at junction;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade prominence or shape;blade size or width;blade architecture">blade mostly linear or filiform, flat to variously thickened and/or sulcate [lingulate], margins entire to papillate or scabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="margin architecture or shape;margin relief;margin relief;margin arrangement">venation parallel.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="scape sheath shape;scape sheath architecture;scape sheath architecture">scape sheaths proximally tubular, distally open, bladed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="scape orientation;scape shape;scape architecture">scapes erect, linear to filiform, not bracteate [bracteate];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="spike quantity;spike shape">spikes single [cluster, rarely panicle of spikes], conelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bract pubescence">bracts chaffy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, radially [bilaterally] symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal size;sepal position;sepal quantity;sepal arrangement;sepal arrangement;sepal fusion;capsule architecture or fixation;capsule life cycle;inner sepal texture;inner sepal condition;flower architecture">sepals [2–] 3, unequal [equal], outer 2 (lateral sepals) nearly opposite, connivent to variously connate, clasping mature capsule, inner sepal membranous (occasionally similar to others or absent), abcissing as flower opens;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;petal variability;petal fusion">petals 3, equal [unequal], distinct [connate];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="staminode atypical quantity;staminode quantity;staminode architecture;staminode fusion">staminodes (0–) 3, 2-brachiate, free [adnate to perianth or absent];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther architecture or structure in adjective form">anthers 4-sporangiate, 2-locular at anthesis;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pollen pubescence;pollen architecture">pollen monosulcate or inaperturate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovaries y superior, 1 [–3] -locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="ovule orientation">ovules anatropous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="style quantity;style architecture">styles 1, distally 3-branched [simple];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="stigma quantity">stigmas 3 [1, 3-lobed, capitate, or funnelform].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, mostly loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed shape;seed architecture"><b>Seeds </b>[1–6–] 15–90 or more, mostly under 2 [–4] mm, mostly ridged or lined.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical regions
|discussion=<p>All North American Xyris increase by axillary buds, and thus the solitary habit is rare, often a result of poor or droughty habitat. A few can be termed annual or short-lived perennials (i.e., X. brevifolia, X. flabelliformis, X. jupicai). Of these only S. jupicai tends to die to the base at the end of a growing season.</p><!--
--><p>In North American Xyris, leaf arrangement is distichous (2-ranked) and equitant (much as it is in Iris), the sheath margins converging at the junction of sheath and blade to form one edge of the leaf blade, with the midzone (or keel) of the sheath making up the other edge (a "unifacial" blade). A few species show some trends toward a spiral arrangement, typically displayed by a bulbous habit (X. caroliniana, X. platylepis, X. scabrifolia, X. tennesseensis, XS. torta). In these species, the leaf sheath is abruptly dilated at the base, imparting a swollen, bulblike aspect to the plant base.</p><!--
--><p>While all All North American Xyris have unifacial leaf blades, some neotropical species do not. In those the latter the sheath margins do not completely converge when passing into the blade, and the blade may have a deep, narrow or broad groove or sulcus adaxially. A tendency toward this is shown in X. baldwiniana and X. isoetifolia.</p><!--
--><p>The staminode in nearly all Xyris is much like a petal, being long-clawed at the base. The staminodial blade is typically 2-lobed, each lobe with a margin of long, moniliform hairs, each hair a chain of tiny cells connected much like a string of beads. Species-by-species taxonomic evaluations of those hairs, particularly SEM studies, have yet to be done. Of the species treated herein, only X. baldwiniana lacks bearded staminodes.</p><!--
--><p>The keys and descriptions below are constructed from study of mature, preferably fruiting specimens. Bracts and sepals tend to grow substantially after flowering, and the measurements of lateral sepals are based on sepals that subtend ripe fruit.</p><!--
--><p>North American Xyris have no nectaries, and the pollen reward is relatively scanty. A few bees and flies are occasional visitors. Usually pollination of these species appears to be by wind or by pollen-feeding insects.</p><!--
--><p>Genera 5, species ca. 300 (1 genus, 21 species in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=kral1983c
|text=Kral, R. 1983d. The Xyridaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 421--429.
}}
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Xyridaceae
|author=Robert Kral
|authority=C. Agardh
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Xyridaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical regions
|reference=kral1983c
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/62857cf6bca5c4637d27b113da92d27dbf9962f4/V22/V22_143.xml
|anther architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|base architecture=open;sheathing
|base arrangement=equitant
|blade architecture=sulcate
|blade prominence or shape=flat
|blade shape=filiform;linear
|blade size or width=thickened
|bract pubescence=chaffy
|capsule architecture or fixation=clasping
|capsule life cycle=mature
|flower architecture=open
|flower architecture or shape=symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruit architecture=capsular
|fruit dehiscence=loculicidal
|heliophyte growth form or habitat=aquatic
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inner sepal condition=abcissing
|inner sepal texture=membranous
|leaf arrangement=2-ranked;alternate
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin arrangement=parallel
|margin relief=scabrous;papillate
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1[-3]-locular
|ovary position=superior
|ovule orientation=anatropous
|petal fusion=distinct
|petal quantity=3
|petal variability=equal
|pollen architecture=inaperturate
|pollen pubescence=monosulcate
|scape architecture=not bracteate
|scape orientation=erect
|scape shape=linear;filiform
|scape sheath architecture=bladed;open
|scape sheath shape=tubular
|seed architecture=lined
|seed atypical quantity=1-6;15
|seed quantity=15;90
|seed shape=ridged
|sepal arrangement=connivent;opposite
|sepal atypical quantity=2;3
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal position=outer
|sepal quantity=2;3
|sepal size=unequal
|spike quantity=single
|spike shape=conelike
|stamen quantity=3
|staminode architecture=2-brachiate
|staminode atypical quantity=0;3
|staminode fusion=free
|staminode quantity=3
|stigma quantity=3
|style architecture=3-branched
|style quantity=1
|wetland taste=acidic
|whole_organism duration=annual;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
}}<!--

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