View source for Violaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Violaceae
|accepted_authority=Batsch
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Violaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Violaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 107, 109, 113, 165
|treatment_page=page 106
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> annual or perennial, [subshrubs, shrubs, lianas, and trees], glabrous or hairy, hairs simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="hair architecture;hair architecture;hair architecture;hair architecture">taprooted or rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation"><b>Stems </b>0–20, prostrate to erect.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>cauline or basal, (attached directly to rhizome, some Viola), alternate (and opposite in Hybanthus [and other genera]), simple or compound, stipulate [estipulate], petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape">blade unlobed or lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence position;inflorescence architecture;rhizome architecture;stolon architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>1 (–4) [–5] -flowered, axillary from leaf-axils or scapose from rhizomes or stolons (or in racemes of umbels), pedunculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bracteole presence;bracteole arrangement">bracteoles usually present on peduncles, usually alternate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction;perianth size;perianth arrangement;lowermost petal size;spur shape;spur length"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual [unisexual, plants dioecious], perianth and unequal, imbricate in bud [convolute], lowermost petal often larger with gibbous or elongated spur;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen arrangement;ovary position relational;ovary arrangement;ovary fusion">stamens 5, alternate with petals, surrounding ovary, connivent or syngenesious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="filament some measurement;anterior stamen quantity;nectary prominence;slit dehiscence">filaments 0–1 mm, filaments of 2 anterior stamens often with nectaries protruding into spur, anther dehiscence by longitudinal slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture">pistil 1, [2–] 3 [–5] -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="">ovary superior, 1-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">placentation parietal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="ovule atypical quantity;ovule quantity;ovule orientation;ovule architecture;ovule architecture">ovules [1–2] 8–75, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="style atypical quantity;style quantity;style size;style architecture;style architecture">style [0–] 1, usually enlarged distally, solid or hollow;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma atypical quantity">stigma 1 [3–5], with or without hairs.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular [berry, nut], 3-valved, dehiscence loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed texture;elaiosome shape;elaiosome shape;elaiosome pubescence;elaiosome architecture"><b>Seeds </b>[1–] (3–) 6–75, hard, embryo not developed at time of dispersal, spheroid or ovoid [strongly flattened], glabrous [hairy], some arillate, some with elaiosome [seeds winged in some woody vines].</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Worldwide
|discussion=<p>Genera 23, species 1000–1100 (2 genera, 78 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The Violaceae is predominantly tropical with worldwide distribution. Most genera are monotypic or oligotypic and are restricted to the New World or Old World tropics (H. E. Ballard et al. 1998; G. A. Wahlert et al. 2014). Except for Viola, Hybanthus, and Rinorea, which together account for 98% of all species in the family, most genera are limited to one continent or island system (M. Feng 2005).</p><!--
--><p>Violaceae has been placed in the Violales by most authors (A. Cronquist 1981; R. F. Thorne 1992; A. L. Takhtajan 1997). Based on data from cladistic analyses, it was included in the Malpighiales in 1998 (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998, 2003, 2009).</p><!--
--><p>The Malpighiales clade was first identified by M. W. Chase et al. (1993) in a phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL (K. J. Wurdack and C. C. Davis 2009). Currently, 35 families are included in Malpighiales (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009). Molecular studies employing multiple gene regions have confirmed the monophyly of Malpighiales, which includes about 16,000 species (Wurdack and Davis). Relationships within Malpighiales remain poorly understood and it is the most poorly resolved large rosid clade (Wurdack and Davis).</p><!--
--><p>Violaceae were previously organized into three subfamilies, Fusispermoideae, Leonioideae, and Violoideae (W. H. A. Hekking 1988; S. A. Hodges et al. 1995). Evidence confirms that Fusispermum is basal in Violaceae and belongs in the monotypic subfamily Fusispermoideae (M. Feng 2005; T. Tokuoka 2008) and Leonioideae should be subsumed in Violoideae (Feng; Feng and H. E. Ballard 2005; Tokuoka). All genera in Violaceae except Fusispermum are currently included in the subfamily Violoideae. Usually described as having an actinomorphic corolla, the calyx and corolla of Fusispermum were reported to actually be weakly zygomorphic (G. A. Wahlert et al. 2014).</p><!--
--><p>W. H. A. Hekking (1988) divided subfamily Violoideae into two tribes, Violeae and Rinoreeae. Viola and Hybanthus, the only two genera in the flora area, are placed in the Violeae.</p><!--
--><p>In a study of Violaceae based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences (rbcL, atpB, matK, and 18s rDNA), T. Tokuoka (2008) found that monophyly of the family is strongly supported. A study of 39 species of Viola occurring primarily in China using chloroplast sequences trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH, rpL16, and ITS showed that “subgenus” Viola is not monophyletic (Liang G. X. and Xing F. W. 2010). Their data imply that 1) erect stems may be more primitive than stolons or rosettes, 2) species with stigmatic beaks might have been trends in sections Trigonocarpae and Adnatae, respectively.</p><!--
--><p>A study of Violaceae based on plastid DNA sequences showed that most intrafamilial taxa from previous classifications of Violaceae were not supported, that previously unsuspected generic affinities were revealed, and that reliance on floral symmetry (that is, actinomorphy versus zygomorphy) alone provides misleading inferences of relationships and heterogeneous generic circumscriptions (G. A. Wahlert et al. 2014).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=ballard2014a
|text=Ballard, H. E., J. de Paula-Souza, and G. A. Wahlert. 2014. Violaceae. In: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 11, pp. 303–322. Berlin, Heidelberg.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=brainerd1921a
|text=Brainerd, E. 1921. Violets of North America. Bull. Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. 224.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=brizicky1961a
|text=Brizicky, G. K. 1961b. The genera of Violaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 42: 321–333.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=feng2005a
|text=Feng, M. 2005. Floral Morphogenesis and Molecular Systematics of the Family Violaceae. Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=feng2005b
|text=Feng, M. and H. E. Ballard. 2005. Molecular systematic, floral developmental and anatomical revelations on generic relationships and evolutionary patterns in the Violaceae. In: International Botanical Congress. 2005. XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, Europe, Austria Center Vienna, 17–23 July 2005. Abstracts. P. 169.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gershoy1928a
|text=Gershoy, A. 1928. Studies in North American violets. I. General considerations. Bull. Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. 279.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hodges1995a
|text=Hodges, S. A. et al. 1995. Generic relationships in the Violaceae: Data from morphology, anatomy, chromosome numbers and rbcL sequences. [Abstract.] Amer. J. Bot. 82(6, suppl.): 136.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mckinney2002a
|text=McKinney, L. E. and N. H. Russell. 2002. Violaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 4: 369–379.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tokuoka2008a
|text=Tokuoka, T. 2008. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Violaceae (Malpighiales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. J. Pl. Res. 121: 253–260.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wahlert2014a
|text=Wahlert, G. A. et al. 2014. Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) inferred from plastid DNA sequences: Implications for generic diversity and intrafamilial classification. Syst. Bot. 39: 239–252.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants caulescent; sepals not auriculate; upper 2 and lateral 2 petals not showy, 0.5–5 mm; lowest petal showy, narrowed at middle; stamens connate, lowest 2 filaments not spurred with nectary; seeds (3–)6–9.
|[[Hybanthus|Hybanthus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants caulescent or acaulescent; sepals auriculate; upper 2 and lateral 2 petals showy, 5+ mm; lowest petal showy, not narrowed at middle; stamens connivent, but distinct, lower 2 filaments spurred with nectary that protrudes into petal spur; seeds 6–75.
|[[Viola|Viola]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Violaceae
|author=R. John Little;Landon E. McKinney†
|authority=Batsch
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Violaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Worldwide
|reference=ballard2014a;brainerd1921a;brizicky1961a;feng2005a;feng2005b;gershoy1928a;hodges1995a;mckinney2002a;tokuoka2008a;wahlert2014a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_186.xml
|anterior stamen quantity=2
|blade shape=lobed;unlobed
|bracteole arrangement=alternate
|bracteole presence=absent
|elaiosome architecture=arillate
|elaiosome pubescence=glabrous
|elaiosome shape=ovoid;spheroid
|filament some measurement=0mm;1mm
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruit architecture=3-valved;capsular
|fruit dehiscence=loculicidal
|hair architecture=stoloniferous;rhizomatous;taprooted;simple
|inflorescence architecture=pedunculate;1(-4)[-5]-flowered
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate;stipulate;compound;simple;sessile;petiolate;stipulate;compound;simple;sessile;petiolate;stipulate;compound;simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=basal;cauline
|lowermost petal size=larger
|nectary prominence=protruding
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|ovary arrangement=connivent
|ovary fusion=syngenesious
|ovary placentation=parietal
|ovary position=superior
|ovary position relational=surrounding
|ovule architecture=crassinucellate;bitegmic
|ovule atypical quantity=1;2
|ovule orientation=anatropous
|ovule quantity=8;75
|perianth arrangement=imbricate
|perianth size=unequal
|pistil architecture=[2-]3[-5]-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|rhizome architecture=scapose
|seed atypical quantity=1;#6
|seed quantity=#6;75
|seed texture=hard
|slit dehiscence=longitudinal
|spur length=elongated
|spur shape=gibbous
|stamen arrangement=alternate
|stamen quantity=5
|stem orientation=prostrate;erect
|stem quantity=0;20
|stigma atypical quantity=3;5
|stigma quantity=1
|stolon architecture=scapose
|style architecture=hollow;solid
|style atypical quantity=0;1
|style quantity=1
|style size=enlarged
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism pubescence=hairy;glabrous
}}<!--

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