View source for Taraxia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Taraxia
|accepted_authority=(Torrey & A. Gray) Nuttall ex Raimann in H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Nat. Pflanzenfam.
|place=96[III,7]: 216. 1893
|year=1893
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Oenothera
|authority=Linnaeus [unranked] Taraxia Torrey & A. Gray
|rank=genus
|publication_title=Fl. N. Amer.
|publication_place=1: 506.  1840
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oenothera sect. Heterostemon
|authority=(Nuttall) Munz
|rank=section
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oenothera subg. Heterostemon
|authority=Nuttall
|rank=subgenus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oenothera
|authority=[unranked] Primulopsis Torrey & A. Gray
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Oenothera subg. Taraxia
|authority=(Torrey & A. Gray) Jepson
|rank=subgenus
}}
|hierarchy=Onagraceae;Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae;Onagraceae tribe Onagreae;Taraxia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Onagraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Onagraceae tribe Onagreae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Taraxia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Species Leontodon taraxacoides, alluding to similar leaves
|volume=Volume 10
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> fleshy perennial, acaulescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="herb texture;herb duration;herb architecture;taproot width;taproot size;taproot texture;taproot architecture;rosette life cycle">with thick or slender, sometimes woody taproot, sometimes branched and then usually producing new rosettes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>in a basal rosette;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule architecture">petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin shape">blade margins subentire to deeply sinuate or pinnatifid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>solitary flowers in leaf-axils.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;bud orientation"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, actinomorphic, buds erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="floral-tube duration;basal nectary texture">floral-tube deciduous (with sepals, petals, and stamens) after anthesis, with fleshy basal nectary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation">sepals 4, reflexed separately;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal reflectance;petal reflectance">petals 4, usually yellow, rarely white, without spots, usually fading orange, strongly ultraviolet reflective, or sometimes not reflective near base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stamen quantity;series quantity;series size;anther fixation;pollen arrangement">stamens 8, in 2 unequal series, anthers basifixed, pollen shed singly;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;apical projection length or size;apical projection size;apical projection reproduction;apical projection position;line prominence;line life cycle;part reproduction;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;surface condition;surface relief">ovary 4-locular, with a long, slender, sterile apical projection proximal to opening of floral-tube, projection without visible abscission lines at its junctures with floral-tube or fertile part of ovary, stigma entire or irregularly lobed, globose, surface unknown, probably wet and non-papillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="portion size;portion reproduction;portion atypical some measurement;portion some measurement"><b>Fruit </b>a capsule, straight or slightly irregularly curved, subterete to 4-angled, cylindric-lanceoloid or ovoid, or oblong-ellipsoid, irregularly loculicidal, gradually tapering into a slender, sterile portion (4–) 15–180 mm, sometimes persistent 1+ years, often blackened, thin or thick-walled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruit course;fruit course;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit duration;fruit coloration;fruit width;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;capsule course;capsule course;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule duration;capsule quantity;capsule coloration;capsule width;capsule architecture;capsule architecture">subsessile.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="row quantity"><b>Seeds </b>numerous, in 2 rows per locule, pitted or coarsely papillose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed quantity;seed relief;seed relief;seed quantity">= 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America
|discussion=<p>Species 4 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Taraxia is known from the western United States and southwestern Canada in open, moist clay or sandy sites, usually at low to middle elevations. Taraxia is characterized by its acaulescent habit, seeds in two rows per locule in unwinged, irregularly dehiscent capsules, and notably by having a relatively long, slender, sterile projection at the apex of the ovary that persists on the mature capsule after the floral tube and perianth detach.</p><!--
--><p>This distinctive group of species has been treated variously as a subgenus or section of Oenothera (J. Torrey and A. Gray 1838–1843, vol. 1; P. A. Munz 1965), as a section of Camissonia (P. H. Raven 1969), or as a separate genus (J. K. Small 1896). Traditionally, the two acaulescent annual species now viewed as composing the genus Tetrapteron, which share with Taraxia a sterile apical projection on the ovary, have been included in this group (R. Raimann 1893; Raven 1969). Munz (1965) included the six species in his Oenothera subg. Heterostemon, but separated the four perennials (as sect. Heterostemon) from the two annuals (as sect. Tetrapteron). On the basis of additional information, W. L. Wagner et al. (2007) recognized the two annual species as the genus Tetrapteron. R. A. Levin et al. (2004) found strong molecular support for Taraxia on a weakly supported branch sister to Clarkia + Gayophytum + Chylismiella, whereas the two annual species are strongly monophyletic on a weakly supported branch with Camissoniopsis and Neoholmgrenia. Even though the molecular support for the clade of Clarkia + Gayophytum + Chylismiella + Taraxia is weak, this group of genera shares the feature of basifixed anthers, unlike the versatile anthers of all other genera of tribe Onagreae. P. H. Raven (1964) first pointed out that the basifixed anthers in Taraxia are similar to those found in Clarkia. Species of Taraxia are sometimes grown as ornamentals in rock gardens. Reproductive features include: self-incompatible, flowers diurnal, outcrossing, and pollinated by small bees [T. ovata (E. G. Linsley et al. 1973), T. tanacetifolia (Linsley et al. 1963b)] or facultatively autogamous [T. breviflora, T. subacaulis (Raven 1969)].</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blade margins usually subentire to sinuate or crisped, sometimes irregularly sinuate-lobed toward base, rarely pinnatifid; herbs sparsely to densely short-hirsute or strigillose, especially on leaf blade margins and ± veins.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades usually densely short-hirsute on margins and ± veins, sometimes sparsely so; capsules subterete, walls much distended by seeds.
|[[Taraxia ovata|Taraxia ovata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades glabrate, veins and margins rarely sparsely strigillose; capsules 4-angled, walls nearly flat, not noticeably distended by seeds.
|[[Taraxia subacaulis|Taraxia subacaulis]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blade margins pinnatifid; herbs usually sparsely to densely strigillose or short-hirtellous, hairs spreading or appressed.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles 9.5–20(–25) mm; stigmas exserted beyond anthers at anthesis; petals (8–)10–23 mm; herbs densely or, sometimes, sparsely short-hirtellous and/or strigillose.
|[[Taraxia tanacetifolia|Taraxia tanacetifolia]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles 3–6.5 mm; stigmas surrounded by anthers at anthesis; petals 5–7(–9) mm; herbs densely to sparsely strigillose, sometimes also appressed-hirtellous, hairs spreading or appressed.
|[[Taraxia breviflora|Taraxia breviflora]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Taraxia
|author=Warren L. Wagner
|authority=(Torrey & A. Gray) Nuttall ex Raimann in H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=Oenothera sect. Heterostemon;Oenothera subg. Heterostemon;Oenothera;Oenothera subg. Taraxia
|basionyms=Oenothera
|family=Onagraceae
|distribution=w North America
|reference=None
|publication title=Nat. Pflanzenfam.
|publication year=1893
|special status=
|source xml=
|subfamily=Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae
|tribe=Onagraceae tribe Onagreae
|genus=Taraxia
|anther fixation=fixed
|apical projection length or size=long
|apical projection position=proximal
|apical projection reproduction=sterile
|apical projection size=slender
|basal nectary texture=fleshy
|blade margin shape=subentire;deeply sinuate or pinnatifid
|bud orientation=erect
|capsule architecture=subsessile;thick-walled
|capsule coloration=blackened
|capsule course=curved;straight
|capsule duration=persistent
|capsule shape=tapering;subterete;4-angled cylindric-lanceoloid or ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid
|capsule width=thin
|floral-tube duration=deciduous
|flower architecture=actinomorphic
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruit architecture=subsessile;thick-walled
|fruit coloration=blackened
|fruit course=curved;straight
|fruit duration=persistent
|fruit shape=tapering;subterete;4-angled cylindric-lanceoloid or ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid
|fruit width=thin
|herb architecture=acaulescent
|herb duration=perennial
|herb texture=fleshy
|line life cycle=abscission
|line prominence=visible
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=4-locular
|part reproduction=fertile
|petal coloration=fading orange;white;yellow
|petal quantity=4
|petal reflectance=reflective;reflective
|pollen arrangement=singly
|portion atypical some measurement=4mm;15mm
|portion reproduction=sterile
|portion size=slender
|portion some measurement=15mm;180mm
|rosette life cycle=new
|row quantity=2
|seed quantity=7;numerous
|seed relief=papillose;pitted
|sepal orientation=reflexed
|sepal quantity=4
|series quantity=2
|series size=unequal
|stamen quantity=8
|stigma shape=globose;lobed;entire
|stipule architecture=petiolate
|stipule presence=absent
|surface condition=wet
|surface relief=non-papillate
|taproot architecture=branched
|taproot size=slender
|taproot texture=woody
|taproot width=thick
}}<!--

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