View source for Pyrus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Pyrus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 479. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 214. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Pear;poirier
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Rosaceae;Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae;Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae;Pyrus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rosaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Pyrus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin pirum, pear
|volume=Volume 9
|mention_page=page 19, 427, 428, 429, 433, 434, 445, 473, 480
|treatment_page=page 479
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism shape;whole_organism shape;whole_organism growth form"><b>Trees,</b> often pyramidal or oval in silhouette, (50–) 80–300 dm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation"><b>Stems </b>1–many, erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark architecture or pubescence or relief;bark life cycle;plate coloration;plate coloration;plate shape">bark gray, reddish or orangebrown, smooth, older with gray or blackish rectangular plates;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="short-shoot presence">short-shoots sometimes present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="thorn presence;thorn presence">thorns present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="branch life cycle;branch pubescence;branch pubescence">young branches glabrous or tomentose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bud shape;bud shape;bud shape;bud shape;bud shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex pubescence">buds ovoid, narrowly ovoid, or triangular-ovoid, apex obtuse or acuminate, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="leaf duration;cauline leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous, cauline, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="stipule duration;stipule fusion;stipule shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape">stipules sometimes caducous, free, lanceolate, margins serrate or entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade atypical some measurement;blade atypical some measurement;blade some measurement;blade texture;blade texture;margin prominence or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade suborbiculate, ± ovate or ovatelanceolate to elliptic, oblong, or obovate, (2–) 5–9 (–12) cm, firm or leathery, margins flat, serrate, crenate, serrulate, crenulate, or entire, venation pinnate, surfaces hairy or glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture;branch height or length or size;raceme shape;raceme pubescence;raceme pubescence;corymb architecture;corymb shape;corymb pubescence;corymb pubescence;axis height or length or size;axis duration"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal on short branches, 4–9-flowered, racemes or simple corymbs, umbellike, with short persistent axis, glabrous or tomentose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="bract presence">bracts absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower development;flower diameter"><b>Flowers </b>developing with or before leaves, perianth and androecium epigynous, 15–45 mm diam.;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="hypanthium shape;hypanthium shape;hypanthium diameter;hypanthium position;hypanthium pubescence;exterior pubescence;exterior pubescence">hypanthium campanulate or cupular, 3–5 mm diam., interior usually pubescent, exterior hairy or glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal shape">sepals 5, reflexed, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate to triangular or triangular-ovate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;base shape;apex shape">petals 5, white or creamy, ovate or ovate-elliptic to obovate or obovate-elliptic, base short-clawed, apex rounded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen variability;stamen height or length or size">stamens 20, equal to or slightly shorter than petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="carpel quantity;carpel fusion;carpel fusion;carpel pubescence;style position or structure subtype;style fusion;style variability">carpels 2–5, mostly connate, fully adnate to hypanthium, glabrous, styles terminal, distinct (constricted basally by hypanthium), ± equal to stamens;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules 2.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>pomes, brown, red, green, or yellow, often dotted, globose, subglobose, ovoid, obovoid, or pyriform, 8–120 mm diam., glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome diameter;fruits pome pubescence;fruits pome texture;stone quantity">fleshy with abundant stone or grit cells;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="hypanthium duration">hypanthium persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal duration;sepal orientation">sepals persistent or deciduous, reflexed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="carpel pubescence or texture">carpels cartilaginous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="style duration;style duration">styles persistent or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>2–5 (–10) per fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s29" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 34.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Europe;Asia;n Africa;also in Mexico;South America;Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 25 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Pyrus communis is widely cultivated and naturalized in temperate and subtropical regions around the world. The evergreen pear, P. kawakamii, is widely cultivated, especially in California. This taxon has recently been included in P. calleryana (G. Cuizhi and S. A. Spongberg 2003), which is escaped in California. Some of the ornamental pear cultivars available in North America are selections of the oriental P. betulifolia Bunge, with fruits less than 1 cm diameter and leaves tomentose or at least slightly hairy proximally. Pyrus betulifolia is frequently used as a grafting stock. The willow-leaved pear, P. salicifolia Pallas, with densely silvery-pubescent leaves, pendent branches, and brown, pyriform pomes, is rarely cultivated in North America and is not known to escape. The Ussurian pear, P. ussuriensis Maximowicz, is less often cultivated and not known in North America as an escape; it is distinguished by persistent sepals on the fruit and spinulose-serrate leaf margins.</p><!--
--><p>Pyrus may be divided into three groups (J. S. Challice and M. N. Westwood 1973; R. L. Bell 1990; K. Browicz 1993). Pyrus calleryana belongs to the Asian pea pear group. Pyrus pyrifolia belongs to the medium- to large-fruited Asian pears. Both P. communis and P. nivalis belong to the group of European species.</p><!--
--><p>Although the cultivated fruits of apples and pears are easily distinguished, the wild pears and wild apples are sometimes quite similar. Pears differ from apples (Malus) by their hard glossy leaves, leaf margins with callused serrations, flower clusters with a central axis, and fruit with abundant stone or grit cells. The closely related quince (Cydonia oblonga) differs in its basally subcordate leaves that are abaxially tomentose and have entire margins, and its tomentose, pyriform pomes.</p><!--
--><p>The identification of wild pears in North America is difficult. For more information see 4. Pyrus calleryana. The genus requires more study to resolve relationships, taxa, and hybrid origins.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Branches white-tomentose when young; leaf blades: abaxial surfaces densely whitish gray pubescent.
|[[Pyrus nivalis|Pyrus nivalis]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Branches and leaf blades glabrous or glabrescent
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf margins spinulose-serrate, surfaces brown-lanate when young; flowers 25–35 mm diam.; pomes subglobose.
|[[Pyrus pyrifolia|Pyrus pyrifolia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf margins entire or crenulate, serrulate, crenate-dentate, obtusely serrate, or crenate, surfaces glabrous or brown-tomentose abaxially when young; flowers 15–35 mm diam.; pomes globose, subglobose, obovoid, ovoid, or pyriform
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles 2 or 3(or 4); pomes blackish brown or dark brown, brown, or yellow-brown (often with pale dots), subglobose, globose, or obovoid, 10–15(–22) mm diam
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles 3(–5); pomes yellowish, green, brown, or red (with or without pale dots), globose, subglobose, ovoid, or pyriform, 8–160 × 8–120 mm
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals mostly persistent; pomes subglobose or obovoid, 15–22 mm diam.; styles 3(or 4).
|[[Pyrus serrulata|Pyrus serrulata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals usually deciduous; pomes globose, 10–15 mm diam.; styles 2 or 3.
|[[Pyrus calleryana|Pyrus calleryana]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf margins densely ciliate when young; sepals persistent; petals (12–)13–15 mm; leaf blades ovate or suborbiculate to elliptic, bases broadly cuneate to almost rounded.
|[[Pyrus communis|Pyrus communis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf margins eciliate or sparsely ciliate when young; sepals deciduous, sometimes persistent; petals 6–12 mm; leaf blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or suborbiculate, bases usually cordate, sometimes broadly rounded.
|[[Pyrus cordata|Pyrus cordata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Pyrus
|author=Paul M. Catling;Gisèle Mitrow
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Rosaceae
|distribution=Europe;Asia;n Africa;also in Mexico;South America;Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=Introduced
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V9/V9_809.xml
|subfamily=Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae
|tribe=Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae
|genus=Pyrus
|apex pubescence=glabrous or;sparsely densely tomentose
|apex shape=rounded;acuminate;obtuse
|axis duration=persistent
|axis height or length or size=short
|bark architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|bark coloration=orangebrown;reddish;gray
|bark life cycle=older
|base shape=short-clawed
|blade atypical some measurement=9cm;12cm
|blade shape=less ovate or ovatelanceolate;elliptic oblong or obovate
|blade some measurement=5cm;9cm
|blade texture=leathery;firm
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|branch height or length or size=short
|branch life cycle=young
|branch pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|bud shape=triangular-ovoid;ovoid;triangular-ovoid;ovoid;ovoid
|carpel fusion=adnate;connate
|carpel pubescence=glabrous
|carpel pubescence or texture=cartilaginous
|carpel quantity=2;5
|cauline leaf architecture=simple
|corymb architecture=simple
|corymb pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|corymb shape=umbel-like
|exterior pubescence=glabrous;hairy
|flower development=developing
|flower diameter=15mm;45mm
|fruits pome coloration=dotted;yellow;green;yellow;green;red;brown
|fruits pome diameter=8mm;120mm
|fruits pome pubescence=glabrous
|fruits pome shape=pyriform;obovoid;pyriform;obovoid;ovoid;subglobose;globose
|fruits pome texture=fleshy
|hypanthium diameter=3mm;5mm
|hypanthium duration=persistent
|hypanthium position=interior
|hypanthium pubescence=pubescent
|hypanthium shape=cupular;campanulate
|inflorescence architecture=4-9-flowered
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf duration=deciduous
|margin architecture or shape=pinnate;entire;serrulate;serrate;entire;serrate
|margin prominence or shape=flat
|margin shape=crenulate;crenate
|ovule quantity=2
|pedicel presence=absent
|petal coloration=creamy;white
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=ovate-elliptic;obovate or obovate-elliptic
|petiole presence=absent
|plate coloration=blackish;gray
|plate shape=rectangular
|raceme pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|raceme shape=umbel-like
|seed atypical quantity=5;10
|seed quantity=2;5
|sepal duration=deciduous;persistent
|sepal orientation=reflexed;reflexed
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=triangular-lanceolate;triangular or triangular-ovate
|short-shoot presence=absent
|stamen height or length or size=slightly shorter
|stamen quantity=20
|stamen variability=equal
|stem orientation=erect
|stem quantity=1;many
|stipule duration=caducous
|stipule fusion=free
|stipule shape=lanceolate
|stone quantity=abundant
|style duration=not;persistent
|style fusion=distinct
|style position or structure subtype=terminal
|style variability=equal
|surface pubescence=glabrous;hairy
|thorn presence=absent;absent
|whole_organism growth form=tree
|whole_organism shape=oval;pyramidal
|x chromosome quantity=34
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae]]