View source for Mimulus ← Mimulus You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Mimulus |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=2: 634. 1753 |year=1753 }} |common_names=Monkeyflower |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Phrymaceae;Mimulus |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phrymaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Mimulus]]</div></div> |etymology=Latin mimulus, diminutive of mimus, comic or mimic actor, alluding to monkey-faced corolla of some species |volume=Volume 17 |mention_page=page 5, 6, 363, 367, 371, 372, 373, 427 |treatment_page=page 366 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism habitat;whole_organism habitat;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, terrestrial or semiaquatic.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem shape;stem architecture;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>ascending to erect, 4-angled, winged, sometimes narrowly, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline, opposite;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence">petiole present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade texture;margin shape;margin architecture">blade sometimes semifleshy, margins dentate to subentire, venation brochidodromous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, flowers solitary at medial to distal nodes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bract presence">bracts absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel height or length or size;pedicel length or size"><b>Pedicels </b>present, shorter or longer than calyces;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower orientation;flower orientation;flower fixation or orientation"><b>Flowers </b>mostly erect, not strongly reflexed and appressed in fruit;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;calyx architecture or shape;calyx shape;tube midvein shape;lobe shape">sepals 5, calyx bilaterally symmetric, tubular, tube midveins wing-angled, lobes deltate to triangular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal duration;petal quantity;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla architecture or shape;corolla architecture;corolla shape;abaxial lobe quantity;adaxial lobe quantity">petals deciduous, 5, corolla blue to violet, purplish, or light pink, rarely white [yellow in M. bracteosus], bilaterally symmetric, strongly bilabiate, dorsoventrally compressed, abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;stamen architecture;filament pubescence">stamens 4, adnate to middle of corolla, didynamous, filaments glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="">stigma bilamellate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="apex shape;wall architecture or pubescence or relief;wall architecture;wall dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, apex rounded to truncate, wall smooth, eglandular, dehiscence loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>500–1000, brown, narrowly ellipsoid, flattened, wings absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="wing presence;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 8, 11.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;s;se Asia (se China);se Asia (India);se Asia (Indochina);s Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Australia;in w Europe |discussion=<p>Species 8 (2 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>A strictly defined Mimulus is sister to the radiation of Phrymaceae that has occurred primarily in Australia (P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead 2002; Beardsley et al. 2004; Beardsley and W. R. Barker 2005; Barker et al. 2012). In addition to those in North America, six Mimulus species are natives of the Eastern and Southern hemispheres; these include M. aquatilis A. R. Bean (northeastern Australia), M. bracteosus P. C. Tsoong (southeastern China), M. gracilis R. Brown (Australia), M. madagascariensis Bentham (Madagascar), M. orbicularis Wallich ex Bentham (mainland Southeast Asia), and M. strictus Bentham (Africa, India). Only M. gracilis and M. ringens have been subject to molecular analysis, but morphological similarities among these species indicate that they are monophyletic (Barker et al.).</p><!-- --><p>The clade including strictly defined Mimulus is sister to the essentially western American monkeyflower species, which are treated here within separate genera. These can be divided into two groups: those with axile placentation and with long pedicels (Erythranthe) versus those with parietal placentation and short pedicels (Diplacus and Mimetanthe). Molecular data confirm that Erythranthe and Diplacus/Mimetanthe are in separate lineages and are not the closest relative of each other. Closest to Diplacus and Mimetanthe is the Mexican-Central American Hemichaena Bentham, also with parietal placentation. Closest to Erythranthe is the monospecific Leucocarpus D. Don of Central America to northern South America, which has axile placentation.</p><!-- --><p>Mimulus alatus and M. ringens maintain strongly distinct morphologies over a broad region of sympatry, but the two have been reported to hybridize naturally along the Patapsco River in Maryland (D. R. Windler et al. 1976). In a mixed population, about 40 percent of the individuals apparently were F1 hybrids; consistently high pollen stainability of the parental plants suggests that backcrossing was not occurring. The two species differ in chromosome number (M. alatus, 2n = 22; M. ringens, 2n = 16, 24), but chromosome numbers were not determined in this study.</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=beardsley2004a |text=Beardsley, P. M. et al. 2004. Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91: 474–489. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=grant1924a |text=Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 99–388. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaves sessile; blade bases auriculate-clasping or subclasping; stems not or narrowly winged; fruiting pedicels 10–17 mm or 20–45(–60) mm, longer than calyces. |[[Mimulus ringens|Mimulus ringens]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaves petiolate; blade bases rounded to cuneate; stems narrowly winged; fruiting pedicels 5–14(–30) mm, shorter than calyces. |[[Mimulus alatus|Mimulus alatus]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Mimulus |author=Guy L. Nesom |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=family |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Phrymaceae |distribution=North America;s;se Asia (se China);se Asia (India);se Asia (Indochina);s Africa;Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar);Australia;in w Europe |reference=beardsley2004a;grant1924a |publication title=Sp. Pl. |publication year=1753 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V17/V17_1262.xml |genus=Mimulus |abaxial lobe quantity=3 |adaxial lobe quantity=2 |apex shape=rounded to truncate |blade texture=semifleshy |bract presence=absent |bracteole presence=absent |calyx architecture or shape=symmetric |calyx shape=tubular |corolla architecture=bilabiate |corolla architecture or shape=symmetric |corolla coloration=white;blue;violet purplish or light pink |corolla shape=compressed |filament pubescence=glabrous |flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |flower fixation or orientation=appressed |flower orientation=reflexed;erect |inflorescence position=axillary |leaf arrangement=opposite |leaf position=cauline;basal |lobe shape=deltate;triangular |margin architecture=brochidodromous |margin shape=dentate;subentire |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular |ovary placentation=axile |pedicel height or length or size=shorter |pedicel length or size=shorter or longer |pedicel presence=absent |petal duration=deciduous |petal quantity=5 |petiole presence=absent;absent |seed coloration=brown |seed quantity=500;1000 |seed shape=flattened;ellipsoid |sepal quantity=5 |stamen architecture=didynamous |stamen fusion=adnate |stamen quantity=4 |stem architecture=winged |stem orientation=ascending;erect |stem pubescence=glabrous |stem shape=4-angled |tube midvein shape=wing-angled |wall architecture=eglandular |wall architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth |wall dehiscence=loculicidal |whole_organism duration=perennial |whole_organism growth form=herb |whole_organism habitat=semiaquatic;terrestrial |wing presence=absent |x chromosome quantity=11;8 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Phrymaceae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Phrymaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Mimulus.