View source for Epixiphium

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Epixiphium
|accepted_authority=(Engelmann ex A. Gray) Munz
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.
|place=4, 15: 380. 1926
|year=1926
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Maurandya subg. Epixiphium
|authority=Engelmann ex A. Gray
|rank=subgenus
|publication_title=Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
|publication_place=7: 377. 1868
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Plantaginaceae;Epixiphium
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Epixiphium]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek epi-, upon, and xiphos, sword, alluding to sword-shaped persistent style
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 14, 21, 35
|treatment_page=page 20
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> annual, taprooted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem growth form;stem growth form;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>climbing or scrambling, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole growth form">petiole twining;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade texture;blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade fleshy, not leathery, margins entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bract presence">bracts absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal shape;calyx architecture or shape;calyx shape">sepals 5, distinct, lanceolate, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla architecture or shape;corolla architecture;corolla shape;tube base shape;tube base shape;lobe quantity;abaxial lobe quantity;adaxial lobe quantity">corolla blue to violet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, tubular, tube base not spurred or gibbous, lobes 5, abaxial 3, adaxial 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;stamen architecture;filament pubescence">stamens 4, basally adnate to corolla, didynamous, filaments basally hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="staminode quantity;staminode texture">staminode 1, filamentous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stigma shape">stigma 2-lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruits capsule dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, dehiscence loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>100–200, dark-brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, wings present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="wing presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=sw;sc United States;n Mexico
|discussion=<p>Species 1.</p><!--
--><p>Epixiphium is defined by distinctive characteristics in Antirrhineae: annual life cycle, taproots, keeled sepals, indurate capsules with regular transverse dehiscence, persistent style bases, and winged seeds. Based on this morphological distinctness, Epixiphium has been recognized either as a section or subgenus within Maurandya or as a genus. The latter view is adopted here based on the number of unique morphological characteristics. In phylogenetic studies based on morphological data, Epixiphium is either part of a trichotomy with Lophospermum D. Don and Rhodochiton Zuccarini ex Otto & A. Dietrich and sister to a Maurandya and Maurandella clade (M. Ghebrehiwet et al. 2000) or is basal within a Maurandya clade (W. J. Elisens 1985). Molecular ITS data placed Epixiphium in the Cymbalaria clade (M. Fernández-Mazuecos et al. 2013), sister to six other genera in a subclade that was sister to Asarina and Cymbalaria. Epixiphium wislizeni has not been included in phylogenetic studies using molecular data.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Epixiphium
|author=Wayne J. Elisens
|authority=(Engelmann ex A. Gray) Munz
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Maurandya subg. Epixiphium
|family=Plantaginaceae
|distribution=sw;sc United States;n Mexico
|reference=None
|publication title=Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.
|publication year=1926
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V17/V17_91.xml
|genus=Epixiphium
|abaxial lobe quantity=3
|adaxial lobe quantity=2
|blade texture=not leathery;fleshy
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|calyx architecture or shape=symmetric
|calyx shape=campanulate
|corolla architecture=bilabiate
|corolla architecture or shape=symmetric
|corolla coloration=blue;violet
|corolla shape=tubular
|filament pubescence=hairy
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule dehiscence=loculicidal
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe quantity=5
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|ovary placentation=axile
|pedicel presence=absent
|petiole growth form=twining
|seed coloration=dark-brown
|seed quantity=100;200
|seed shape=ovoid-ellipsoid
|sepal fusion=distinct
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=lanceolate
|stamen architecture=didynamous
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=4
|staminode quantity=1
|staminode texture=filamentous
|stem growth form=scrambling;climbing
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stigma shape=2-lobed
|tube base shape=gibbous;not spurred
|whole_organism architecture=taprooted
|whole_organism duration=annual
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|wing presence=absent
|x chromosome quantity=12
}}<!--

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