Solidago simplex

Kunth in A. von Humboldt et al.

in A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 4(fol.): 81. 1818.

,

4(qto.): 103. 1820.

Common names: Sticky goldenrod
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 113. Mentioned on page 112, 116.

Plants 5–80 cm; caudices branching. Stems 1–10+, ascending to erect, proximally glabrous, strigose in arrays. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades narrowly oblanceolate, (20–) 50–100 (–160) × (2–) 5–16 (–56) mm, margins serrate to crenate, apices acute to obtuse, glabrous; mid and distal sessile, similar, blades lanceolate to linear, 12–45 × 2–19 mm, reduced distally, margins entire to sparsely serrate, sometimes resinous. Heads 3–150, not secund, in narrowly elongate, paniculiform arrays, broadly so in robust plants (12.5–19 × 2.5–3 cm wide), consisting of short axillary and terminal racemiform clusters, proximal branches elongate in larger plants, branches glabrate to strigillose. Peduncles 3.1–10.3 mm, glabrate to sparsely strigillose; bracteoles few, linear. Involucres campanulate, 3–7 mm. Phyllaries (in 3–4 series) strongly unequal, often resinous; outer ovate, acute, inner linear-oblong, obtuse. Ray-florets 7–16; laminae 2–5 × 0.7–0.9 mm. Disc-florets 6–31; corollas 4–4.9 mm, lobes 0.6–1.3 (–2) mm. Cypselae narrowly obconic, 1.9–3.2 mm, sometimes with dark ridges, strigillose; pappi 1.9–5.2 mm (bristles sometimes clavate).

Distribution

V20-218-distribution-map.gif

Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.W.T., Ont., Que., Sask., Yukon, Alaska, Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Ind., Maine, Mass., Md., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.Dak., N.H., N.Mex., N.Y., Oreg., Pa., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo., Mexico

Discussion

Varieties 7 (7 in the flora).

The somewhat viscid-resinous heads of Solidago simplex are its most distinctive feature, separating it from similar sympatric species. G. S. Ringius (1985) did a detailed multivariate analysis of the S. spathulata/S. simplex complex (the latter under the name S. glutinosa). The cytogeography of the species complex was presented by Ringius and J. C. Semple (1987). Neither study included data on the next three species occurring in the southeastern United States.

The species is divided into two subspecies and seven varieties following G. S Ringius (1985) and J. C. Semple et al. (1999). Three varieties occur in the diploid transcontinental subsp. simplex: var. simplex, var. nana, and var. chlorolepis. Four varieties occur in the eastern North American tetraploid-hexaploid subsp. randii: var. monticola, var. gillmanii, var. ontarioensis, and var. racemosa. Except for var. simplex, varieties are restricted to different habitats in relatively limited ranges.

Selected References

None.

Key

1 Basal and cauline leaves spatulate to orbiculate, apices obtuse to rounded; cypselae moderately to densely strigose (S. simplex subsp. simplex) > 2
1 Basal and cauline leaves spatulate to obovate, apices usually acute; cypselae sparsely to moderately strigose (S. simplex subsp. randii) > 5
2 Cauline leaves 5–16 (longest 60+ mm); w North America, disjunct along shores of upper Great Lakes and in s Quebec Solidago simplex var. simplex
2 Cauline leaves 2–7 (longest to 60 mm); alpine slopes, w North America, Mt. Albert, Gaspé, Quebec > 3
3 Shortest phyllaries 1.4–2 mm; disc corollas 3.9–4.2 mm; serpentine soils, Mt. Albert, Gaspé, Quebec 5a.Solidago simplex var. chlorolepis
3 Shortest phyllaries 2.1–3.1 mm; disc corollas 4.2–5.4 mm; alpine slopes, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Mountains, Vancouver Island. > 4
4 Basal leaves usually spatulate, rarely broadly elliptic, proximal blades gradually attenuated to winged petioles, margins weakly crenate; alpine slopes, Rocky Mountains Solidago simplex var. simplex
4 Basal leaves orbiculate to broadly elliptic, proximal blades abruptly attenuated to winged petioles, margins distinctly crenate; alpine slopes of Cascade Mountains, Vancouver Island 5a.Solidago simplex var. nana
5 Proximal cauline leaves spatulate to obovate, (5–)10–42 mm wide; leaf margins often sharply serrate > 6
5 Proximal cauline leaves lanceolate to narrowly spatulate, 2–10(–21.5) mm wide; leaf margins entire or dentate, rarely serrate > 7
6 Plants (10–)18–53(–83) cm, arrays tending to be compact, virgate; proximal cauline leaves (5–)10–22(–31) mm wide, margins crenate to serrate; barren, rocky, non-alpine uplands; se Quebec, New England, New York 5b.Solidago simplex var. monticola
6 Plants (20–)38–73(–84) cm, robust, arrays tending to be paniculiform; proximal cauline leaves (6–)7.5–24(–42) mm wide, margins often sharply serrate; sand dunes, Lake Michigan, n Lake Huron 5b.Solidago simplex var. gillmanii
7 Cauline leaves (3–)12–33(–58); peduncle bracteoles 2+; calcareous rocky riverbanks, e Quebec s to West Virginia and Maryland 5b.Solidago simplex var. racemosa
7 Cauline leaves (2–)4–13(–24); peduncle bracteoles 1–3(–4); rocky shores, Lake Superior, n Lake Huron 5b.Solidago simplex var. ontarioensis
... more about "Solidago simplex"
not tailed +, rounded +  and obtuse +
distinct +
acute;obtuse +
subequal +
scarious +
usually triangular +  and linear +
usually deltate +  and lanceolate +
thyrsiform +, paniculiform +, racemiform +  and wand-shaped +
indeterminate +  and determinate +
John C. Semple +  and Rachel E. Cook +
Kunth in A. von Humboldt et al. +
not persisting +
decurrent +
Humiles +
compound +  and simple +
10 cm100 mm <br />0.1 m <br /> (16 cm160 mm <br />0.16 m <br />) +
1.6 cm16 mm <br />0.016 m <br /> (5.6 cm56 mm <br />0.056 m <br />) +
1.2 cm12 mm <br />0.012 m <br /> (4.5 cm45 mm <br />0.045 m <br />) +
lanceolate;linear +
reduced +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (1.9 cm19 mm <br />0.019 m <br />) +
rugulose +  and muricate +
glabrate +  and strigillose +
Sticky goldenrod +
not 2-lipped +  and actinomorphic +
yellow +  and white +
ampliate +
0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br /> (0.49 cm4.9 mm <br />0.0049 m <br />) +
beaked +, 2-ribbed +  and 5-ribbed +
fertile +  and bisexual +
fertile +  and bisexual +
Alta. +, B.C. +, Man. +, N.B. +, N.W.T. +, Ont. +, Que. +, Sask. +, Yukon +, Alaska +, Ariz. +, Colo. +, Idaho +, Ind. +, Maine +, Mass. +, Md. +, Mich. +, Minn. +, Mont. +, N.Dak. +, N.H. +, N.Mex. +, N.Y. +, Oreg. +, Pa. +, S.Dak. +, Utah +, Vt. +, W.Va. +, Wash. +, Wis. +, Wyo. +  and Mexico +
resinous +
stipitate-glandular +, puberulent +, pilose +, glabrous +, glabrous or +  and sparsely densely scabrous strigillose or villous +
pistillate +, staminate +  and neuter +
winged +  and beaked +
dispersed +
indeterminate +
heterogamous +  and homogamous +
each +  and sessile +
obtuse +  and linear-oblong +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (1.2 cm12 mm <br />0.012 m <br />) +
campanulate +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
0.17 cm1.7 mm <br />0.0017 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
0.7mm;0.9mm +
cauline +, proximal +  and basal +
0.13 cm1.3 mm <br />0.0013 m <br /> (0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br />) +
erect;spreading +
triangular +  and narrowly lanceolate +
entire +  and sparsely serrate +
serrate +  and crenate +
linear-lanceolate +  and oblong or ovate +
unequal +  and rarely subequal +
2-carpellate +
persistent +
0.19 cm1.9 mm <br />0.0019 m <br /> (0.52 cm5.2 mm <br />0.0052 m <br />) +
glabrate +  and sparsely strigillose +
0.31 cm3.1 mm <br />0.0031 m <br /> (1.03 cm10.3 mm <br />0.0103 m <br />) +
not persisting +
stipitate-glandular +
ovate-oblanceolate +
in A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. +
1818 +  and 1820 +
bearing subulate enations +, hairy +  and bristly +
strigillose +  and glabrous +
8 +  and 10 +
exalbuminous +
ascending +  and erect +
strigose +  and glabrous +
1 +  and 10 +
appendaged +  and truncate +
papillate +  and smooth +
Actipsis +, Aster subg. Solidago +, Leioligo +  and Oligoneuron +
Solidago simplex +
Solidago subsect. Humiles +
species +
not persisting +
100 cm1,000 mm <br />1 m <br /> (200 cm2,000 mm <br />2 m <br />) +
5 cm50 mm <br />0.05 m <br /> (100 cm1,000 mm <br />1 m <br />) +