Liatris squarrulosa

Michaux

Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 92. 1803.

Common names: Southern gayfeather
Endemic
Synonyms: Lacinaria shortii Alexander Lacinaria tracyi Alexander Liatris earlei (Greene) K. Schumann Liatris scabra (Greene) K. Schumann Liatris scariosa var. squarrulosa (Michaux) A. Gray
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 534. Mentioned on page 516, 517.

Plants 25–80 (–130) cm. Corms globose. Stems puberulent. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline 1-nerved, usually oblanceolate to elliptic-spatulate to oblanceolate, 80–290 × 12–25 (–45) mm, abruptly, then little or gradually, reduced distally, essentially glabrous or puberulent or hirtellous-hispidulous, weakly, if at all, glanddotted. Heads in loose to dense, racemiform to spiciform arrays. Peduncles usually 0, sometimes (ascending to spreading or deflexed) 2–8 (–30) mm. Involucres turbinate to turbinate-campanulate or campanulate-cylindric, (6–) 8–12 × (6–) 8–15 mm. Phyllaries in 4–5 (–6) series, (usually spreading to distally reflexed, sometimes erect) obovate to oblong-spatulate, unequal, essentially glabrous or puberulent to puberulent-hirtellous, margins sometimes with relatively narrow, weakly differentiated hyaline borders, apices acute to obtuse (at least outer) or rounded (mid and inner). Florets 11–26 (–28); corolla-tubes pilose inside. Cypselae (3–) 3.5–5.5 (–6) mm; pappi: lengths ± equaling corollas, bristles barbellate.


Phenology: Flowering (Jul–)Aug–Oct(–Nov).
Habitat: Pine, oak, and oak-hickory woods, scrub oak, prairies, rocky ridges and slopes, marl ridges, sand hills and ridges, alluvial woods (rarely), fencerows, road banks, roadsides, sand, clay, chalk
Elevation: 0–600(–1000) m

Distribution

V21-1358-distribution-map.gif

Ala., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Miss., Mo., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex., W.Va.

Discussion

Liatris squarrulosa occurs across a range of habitats and exhibits much variation in habit, vestiture, and head size (involucral dimensions, numbers of florets, lengths of cypselae); it has not been possible in herbarium study to discern discrete geographic patterns. Plants in South Carolina (including the type of L. squarrulosa) are shorter, leaves and phyllaries are consistently glabrous or sparsely puberulent, involucres are (6–)7–10 × 6–10 mm, and mid to inner phyllaries usually are narrowly oblong. Westward and northward, plants are taller, leaves and phyllaries characteristically have more strongly elaborated vestiture (although considerable variation exists and glabrous plants are scattered nearly through the range), heads range larger, and phyllaries vary from broadly obovate to oblong-spatulate. An overview of head size is indicated by the following measurement samples: South Carolina—florets 12–16, cypselae (3–)3.5–4 mm; Georgia (including the type of L. earlei)—florets (11–)14–21, cypselae 4–5 mm; Alabama—florets 11–20, cypselae 3.5–5(–6) mm; Illinois (including the type of L. scabra) and Tennessee—florets 16–24, cypselae 3.5–5.5 mm; Louisiana—florets 16–21, cypselae 3.5–5 mm; Arkansas—florets (13–)21–26, cypselae 3.5–5 mm. Plants apparently disjunct in a cluster of north-central North Carolina counties have glabrous phyllaries and leaves, large heads, and the phyllaries are broad, more like plants to the west than those southward.

Populations in southwestern North Carolina (Cherokee, Clay, Macon, and Swain counties) and adjacent Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia appear to combine features of Liatris squarrulosa and L. scariosa var. scariosa. The plants are within the range of L. squarrulosa and disjunct from L. scariosa. The habit (large basal leaves, few cauline) is common to both taxa; heads are sessile to short-pedunculate (as in L. squarrulosa) and phyllaries are usually erect (the outer triangular and sometimes reflexing) and slightly broader than is characteristic of L. squarrulosa and often have a narrow hyaline border. These add further heterogeneity to the concept of L. squarrulosa, as circumscribed here; they may represent a separate evolutionary entity. The type of L. ruthii Alexander (an illegitimate name) from Tennessee is this form.

Hybrids:

Liatris species readily form hybrids. Named hybrids and their presumed parentals are:

Liatris ×boykinii Torrey & A. Gray; Lacinaria boykinii (Torrey & A. Gray) Kuntze—L. elegans × L. tenuifolia

Liatris ×creditonensis Gaiser—L. ligulistylis × L. squarrosa var. glabrata (known only from garden-grown plants)

Liatris ×deamii (Lunell) Shinners; Lacinaria deamii Lunell; Liatris scariosa (Linnaeus) Willdenow var. deamii (Lunell) Peattie—L. aspera? × L. ligulistylis?

Liatris ×fallacior (Lunell) Rydberg; Lacinaria fallacior Lunell—L. ligulistylis × L. punctata

Liatris ×freemaniana J. R. Allison—L. cylindracea × L. oligocephala

Liatris ×frostii Gaiser—L. aspera × L. pycnostachya

Liatris ×gladewitzii (Farwell) Shinners; Lacinaria gladewitzii Farwell—L. aspera × L. cylindracea

Liatris ×macdanieliana J. R. Allison—L. cylindracea × L. squarrosa

Liatris ×ridgwayi Standley—L. pycnostachya × L. squarrosa

Liatris ×spheroidea Michaux; Lacinaria aspera (Michaux) Greene var. spheroidea (Michaux) Alexander—L. aspera × L. ligulistylis? (fide L. O. Gaiser 1946)

Liatris ×steelei Gaiser—L. aspera × L. spicata

Liatris ×weaveri Shinners—L. aspera × L. punctata (known only from garden-grown plants)

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.

"barbellate" is not a number."fine" is not a number.

... more about "Liatris squarrulosa"
not tailed +, truncate +, rounded +  and obtuse +
acute;obtuse or rounded +
scarious +
usually ovate +  and lanceolate +
usually terete +  and clavate +
spiciform +, racemiform +, cymiform +  and corymbiform +
indeterminate +  and determinate +
Guy L. Nesom +
Michaux +
decurrent +
not enlarged +
5-nerved +, 3-nerved +  and 1-nerved +
dissected +, lobed +, toothed +  and entire +
mostly linear;ovatelanceolate +
papillate +  and rugose +
(4-)5-angled;10-ribbed +
differentiated +
linear-clavate +
Southern gayfeather +
white +, usually lavender +  and dark magenta or pinkish purple +
0.55 cm5.5 mm <br />0.0055 m <br /> (0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br />) +
usually hirsutulous +  and hirtellous-pilose +
prismatic +
fertile +  and bisexual +
Ala. +, Ga. +, Ill. +, Ind. +, Ky. +, La. +, Miss. +, Mo. +, N.C. +, S.C. +, Tenn. +, Tex. +  and W.Va. +
0–600(–1000) m +
pistillate +, staminate +  and neuter +
winged +  and beaked +
dispersed +
Pine, oak, and oak-hickory woods, scrub oak, prairies, rocky ridges and slopes, marl ridges, sand hills and ridges, alluvial woods (rarely), fencerows, road banks, roadsides, sand, clay, chalk +
racemiform +  and spiciform +
in usually determinate , rarely indeterminate , arrays +  and singly +
indeterminate +
each +  and sessile +
0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br /> (0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br />) +
0.6 cm6 mm <br />0.006 m <br /> (0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br />) +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (2.2 cm22 mm <br />0.022 m <br />) +
0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br /> (1.2 cm12 mm <br />0.012 m <br />) +
turbinate;turbinate-campanulate or campanulate-cylindric +
0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br /> (1.5 cm15 mm <br />0.015 m <br />) +
2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br /> (4.5 cm45 mm <br />0.045 m <br />) +
8 cm80 mm <br />0.08 m <br /> (29 cm290 mm <br />0.29 m <br />) +
cauline +, proximal +  and basal +
hirtellous-hispidulous +, puberulent +  and glabrous +
usually oblanceolate;elliptic-spatulate +
reduced +
1.2 cm12 mm <br />0.012 m <br /> (2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br />) +
lanceolate +  and lance-linear +
2-carpellate +
persistent +
0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br /> (3 cm30 mm <br />0.03 m <br />) +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.8 cm8 mm <br />0.008 m <br />) +
Flowering (Jul–)Aug–Oct(–Nov). +
puberulent +  and puberulent-hirtellous +
18 +  and 40 +
Fl. Bor.-Amer. +
bearing subulate enations +, hairy +  and bristly +
conic;spheric;usually flat;convex +
exalbuminous +
branched +  and simple +
puberulent +
appendaged +  and truncate +
hirsutulous +
papillate +
Lacinaria shortii +, Lacinaria tracyi +, Liatris earlei +, Liatris scabra +  and Liatris scariosa var. squarrulosa +
Liatris squarrulosa +
species +
20 cm200 mm <br />0.2 m <br /> (180 cm1,800 mm <br />1.8 m <br />) +
80 cm800 mm <br />0.8 m <br /> (130 cm1,300 mm <br />1.3 m <br />) +