Ceratophyllum muricatum subsp. australe

(Grisebach) Les

Syst. Bot. 13: 85. 1988.

Basionym: Ceratophyllum australe Grisebach Symb. Fl. Argent., 14. 1879
Synonyms: Ceratophyllum demersum var. cristatum K. Schumann Ceratophyllum floridanum Fassett Ceratophyllum llerenae Fassett
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3.

Stems to 1 m; apical leaf whorls not densely crowded. Leaves light green to yellow-green, fine-textured. Leaf-blade simple or forked into 2-10 ultimate segments (forking of largest leaves 3d or 4th order), segments sometimes conspicuously inflated, mature leaf whorls 2.5-6 cm diam., marginal denticles weak and inconspicuous, not raised on broad base of green tissue, sometimes nearly absent; 1st leaves of plumule simple. Achene green or dark-brown, body (excluding spines) 3-4.5 × 2-3 × 1-2 mm, basal spines 2 (rarely absent), straight or curved, 0.3-4.5 mm, marginal spines (0-) 2-20, 0.1-4 mm, terminal spine straight or curved, 1.5-7.5 mm, margins slightly winged.


Phenology: Flowering spring.
Habitat: Fresh water of ponds and lakes
Elevation: 0-50 m

Distribution

V3 477-distribution-map.gif

Fla., Ga., N.C., Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America

Discussion

Principally of tropical distribution, Ceratophyllum muricatum is known in North America north of Mexico only from ephemeral habitats in coastal southeastern United States. The wide range of variation of spines on the fruits in C. muricatum has led to the describing of several variants (typically when spine lengths have been reduced) as different species. As in C. demersum, spineless phenotypes from North America have been called C. submersum Linnaeus, which does not occur in the New World. The affinity of C. muricatum for shallow, ephemeral habitats results in its sporadic and nonpersistent occurrence in present North American localities. Fossil records of C. muricatum from the lower and middle Eocene document its occurrence in more inland sites, presumably when the climate of the interior stations was more similar to tropical conditions. Of the three North American species of Ceratophyllum, this species is most likely to be collected (in season) with fruit present.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.
dark-brown +  and green +
compressed +  and ellipsoid +
Donald H. Les +
(Grisebach) Les +
curved +  and straight +
0.03 cm0.3 mm <br />3.0e-4 m <br /> (0.45 cm4.5 mm <br />0.0045 m <br />) +
Ceratophyllum australe +
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br />) +
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.45 cm4.5 mm <br />0.0045 m <br />) +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
Fla. +, Ga. +, N.C. +, Mexico +, West Indies +, Central America +  and South America +
0-50 m +
pistillate +  and staminate +
Fresh water of ponds and lakes +
light green +  and yellow-green +
fine-textured +
2.5 cm25 mm <br />0.025 m <br /> (6 cm60 mm <br />0.06 m <br />) +
0.01 cm0.1 mm <br />1.0e-4 m <br /> (0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br />) +
persistent +
tapering +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br />) +
inconspicuous +
Flowering spring. +
anchored by branches +  and suspended +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (100 cm1,000 mm <br />1 m <br />) +
decurrent +
spinelike +
tuberculate +  and smooth +
Ceratophyllum demersum var. cristatum +, Ceratophyllum floridanum +  and Ceratophyllum llerenae +
Ceratophyllum muricatum subsp. australe +
Ceratophyllum muricatum +
subspecies +
curved +  and straight +
0.15 cm1.5 mm <br />0.0015 m <br /> (0.75 cm7.5 mm <br />0.0075 m <br />) +
20 +, 19 +  and 12 +